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Rebels or Revolutionaries? Irish-American Nationalism and American Diplomacy, 1865–1885

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

M. J. Sewell
M. J. Sewell
Affiliation:
Christ's College, Cambridge
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Type
Communications
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , September 1986 , pp. 723 - 733
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

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References

1 Gaddis, John L., Strategies of containment (New York, 1982), p. 356Google Scholar; also Dallek, Robert, The American style of foreign policy (New York, 1983), p. xiGoogle Scholar.

2 Tuckerman, Charles, ‘The United States and the Greek Revolution’, Magazine of American History, XVIII (1887), 217–32, esp. 217Google Scholar.

3 Consul General Archibald to Lord Salisbury, 23 Dec. 1879, in FO5 vol. 1707, Public Record Office, London. FO5 represents correspondence with the United States. I shall henceforth cite such material by correpondents, date and volume number (FO5/1707).

4 O'Grady, Joseph P., Irish-Americans and Anglo-American relations, 1880–1888 (New York, 1976), pp. 8–9, 274–83Google Scholar; D'Arcy, W. D., The Fenian movement in the United States, 1858–1886 (Washington, D.C., 1947), pp. 99–369Google Scholar; Pletcher, D. M., The awkward years: diplomacy under Garfield and Arthur (Columbia, Missouri, 1962), pp. 234–54Google Scholar; see also Jenkins, B., Fenianism and Anglo-American relations during Reconstruction (Ithaca, 1969), passimGoogle Scholar; Tansill, C. C., America and the fight for Irish freedom (New York, 1957), pp. 28–111Google Scholar; Neidhardt, W. S., Fenianism in North America (Pennsylvania, 1975), pp. 24–75, 93–108, 118–36Google Scholar; Funchion, M. F., Chicago's Irish nationalists (New York, 1976), pp. 23–41, 56–62, 82–104Google Scholar; Short, K. R. M., The dynamite war (New Jersey, 1979), pp. 7–34, 173–228Google Scholar; Brown, T. N., Irish-American nationalism (New York and Philadelphia, 1966), passimGoogle Scholar; Kaplan, L., ‘The brahmin as diplomat’, Civil War History, XIX (1973), pp. 5–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar: Edwards, O. D., ‘American diplomats and Irish coercion, 1880–1883’, Journal of American Studies, 1 (1967), 213–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Seward, to Adams, , No. 1779, 9 June 1866 in Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States (FRUS), p. 134Google Scholar; Bruce to Governor General Monck, 11 June 1866, FO5/1338; Seward, to Bruce, , 11 06 1866, FRUS, pp. 237–8Google Scholar.

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9 Blaine stressed that he did not wish citizenship abused by men he considered ‘pestiferous’. Thornton, to Granville, , 5 04 1881Google Scholar and 19 Apr. 1881 in Knaplund, P. M. and Clewes, C. M. (eds.), ‘Private letters from the British Embassy in Washington to the foreign secretary, Lord Granville, 1880–1885’, Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1941, 1, 125–30Google Scholar.

10 Lowell to Granville, 10 June 1881, FO5/1778; 27 Mar. 1882, FO5/1816. Blaine wrote to the mother of one prisoner ‘every person who voluntarily brings himself under the jurisdiction of the country…is subject to the operation of its laws’, and that he could not challenge Britain over coercion, West to Granville, 12 Feb. 1882, FO5/1816.

11 Granville to West, 29 Mar. 1882, FO5/1816. Unlike C. F. Adams, Lowell expressed regret, at having to raise the issue, and he and Blaine made it clear that they thought the prisoners guilty; Bri cf. Clarendon to Bruce, 23 Mar. 1866, FO5/1336 and Lowell to Granville, 8 June 1881, FO881/4622.

12 Thornton to Granville, 2 7 June 1881, FO5/1863.

13 Thornton to Granville, 19 Apr., 1881, Knaplund, and Clewes, , ‘Private letters’, pp. 129–130Google Scholar; cf. Clarendon, to Thornton, , private, 4 06 1870, FO933/93 (Thornton papers) in which he stated ‘we have little, if anything for which to thank the United States’Google Scholar

14 West to Granville, 12 Feb. 1882, FO5/1816; also Congressional Record 47th Congress 1st – Session, p. 3223, when Robinson complained that the State Department cared more about Peruvian Guano than imprisoned citizens. Hereafter citations thus: 47CR 1st, p. 3223; CG for references to the Congressional Globe.

15 Pletcher, , Awkward years, p. 241Google Scholar; O'Grady, , Irish-Americans, p. 150Google Scholar; By the 1880s the language of extreme anglophobia was ‘generally ridiculed in Washington’. West to Granville, 15 05 1882Google Scholar, Knaplund, and Clewes, ‘Private letters’, p. 169Google Scholar.

16 47CR 1st, p. 3223.

17 Thornton to Granville, 8 Feb. 1881, Knaplund, and Clewes, , ‘Private letters’ p. 105–16Google Scholar.

18 West to Granville, 1 May 1882, FO5/1816.

19 48CR 1st, p. 71.

20 Reports from West, FO5/1928.

21 39CG 1st, 3085; Bruce to Stanley, 2 Aug. 1866, FO5/1339.

22 For a summary see FO881/1955, Lord Tenterden's memorandum printed for cabinet and FO use in 1869; also 39CG 1st, p. 4274.

23 40CG 2nd, pp. 1294 ff., 1797 ff., 2031 ft., 4204 ff., 4231 ff., 4328 ff., 4357, 4445 ft.; 47CR I, P. 929

24 Archibald to Granville, 19 July 1881, FO5/1778.

25 48CR 2nd, pp. 983–99.

26 48CR 2nd, p. 981, also 48CR 2nd, p. 1007.

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29 O'Grady, , Irish-Americans, pp. 238–68Google Scholar.

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32 Edwards to Granville, n.d., FO5/1779; Archibald reported that ‘public sentiment is directly opposed to the encouragement of political disturbances, much more of rebellion, in Ireland’: to Salisbury, 14 May 1880, FO5/1715.

33 Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 30 Oct. 1880, p. 441; 13 May 1882, p. 664; Bryce, James, ‘The past and future of the Irish Question’, New Princeton Review, III (1887), 48–70Google Scholar.

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35 Bruce, W. Cabell, The Irish Question (Baltimore, 1883), p. 9Google Scholar; New York Times, 2 Aug. 1884, p. 4; New York Tribune, 27 Jan. 1885, p. 4; New York Herald, 25 Jan. 1885, p. 4; New York World, 1 June 1884; Lowell to Granville, 16 Mar. 1883, FO5/1860.

36 New Orleans Times-Democrat, 26 Jan. 1885; North American Review, CXLI, 47–59.

37 Schaak, J. M., Anarchy and anarchists: a history of the Red terror and the social revolution in America and Europe. COMMUNISM, SOCIALISM, AND NIHILISM in doctrine and deed. The Haymarket conspiracy… (Chicago, 1889)Google Scholar.

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39 Foner, E., ‘Class, ethnicity, and radicalism in the Gilded Age: the Land League and Irish America,’ in Foner, E., Politics and ideology in the age of the Civil war (New York, 1980), esp. pp. 173–4Google Scholar.

40 New York Times, 11 Feb. 1881, 24 June 1881; Puck, vol. 7, no. 151, 1880.

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42 West to Granville, 22 July 1882, FO5/1849; 48CR. and, p. 996.

43 Brooks to J. Hay, 11 May 1881, Record Group 59, Microcopy T196 Roll No. 7, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

44 ‘Communism in the United States’, North American Review, CXXXVI (1883), 454–66Google Scholar; Rogers, H. W., ‘Harboring conspiracy’ North American Review, CXL (1884), 581–34Google Scholar; Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 18 Dec. 1880, p. 641; 25 Dec. 1880, p. 665; 8 Apr. 1882.

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46 West to Granville, 9 Feb. 1884, FO5/1928; Frelinghuyaen to West 14 Apr. 1883, F05/1928.

47 Rogers, H. W., ‘Harboring conspiracy’, North American Review, CXL (1884), 521–31Google Scholar: See also New York Times, 16 Mar. 1883, 1 June 1884; New York World, 26 Jan. 1885; New York Tribune, 21 Apr. 1882, 2 Mar. 1884; New York Herald, 9 Mar. 1884.

48 48CR 2nd, pp. 983 ff.

49 Creighton, R. J., ‘The influence of foreign issues on American politics’, International Review, XIII (1882), 182–90, esp. p. 187Google Scholar; also West to Granville, 29 Apr. 1883, FO5/1861.

50 Booker to Salisbury, 20 Aug. 1887, FO5/2044; Commercial and Financial Chronicle, 16 Feb. 1884, p. 973, 8 Mar. 1884; The Dial, X (1889), 106.

51 49CR 1st, p. 3344.