Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T19:40:16.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Poland's Foreign Policy: September 1938 – September 1939

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Extract

On 31 March 1939, Britain, breaking with hitherto steadfastly pursued policy, declared her commitment to the defence of Poland in the event of a German attack. This gesture was a dramatic change in Britain's foreign policy, not merely in relation to one East European state, but more notably in relation to Europe as a whole. Not surprisingly, the declaration has been the focal point of historical attention, although the events following have received less attention. The crisis days of March 1939 saw a chain of events, not necessarily of the same origin or character but which in sum total caused disquiet in European capitals, most clearly in London. Because of this it is easy to over-look the long-term nature of some of the events which culminated in March 1939 and thus, in consequence, to overestimate the effect of the British guarantee upon Polish foreign policy.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1986

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Official documents concerning Polish-German and Polish-Soviet relations 1933–1939. Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Polish Government (London, 1940), (henceforth Polish white book), Doc. 44, pp. 47–8Google Scholar.

2 Polish white book, no. 46, pp. 50–2.

3 Ibid. no. 34, pp. 41–2.

4 Ibid. no. 36, pp. 43–4.

5 Starzenski, P., Trzy Lata z Beckiem (London, 1972), pp. 132–3Google Scholar.

6 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka 1938–1939, IV (London, 1972)Google Scholar, 12 March 1938.

7 Wojciechowski, M., Stosunki Polsko-Niemieckie 1933–1938 (Poznan, 1980), pp. 404–5Google Scholar.

8 Jedrzejewicz, W. (ed.), Diplomat in Berlin, 1933–1939. Papers and memoirs of J. Lipski, ambassador of Poland (New York, 1968), Doc. 89, p. 377Google Scholar.

9 Ibid. Doc. 91, pp. 385–7.

10 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 6 09 1938Google Scholar.

11 Jedrzejewicz, W. (ed.), Diplomat in Berlin 1933–1939, Doc. 99, pp. 408–12Google Scholar.

12 Ibid. Doc. 98, pp. 406–7.

13 Ibid. Doc. 99, pp. 408–12.

14 Wojciechowski, M., Stosunki Polsko-Niemieckie 1933–1938, pp. 477–81Google Scholar.

15 Szklarska-Lohmanowa, A., Polsko-Czechoslowackie Stosunki Dyplomatyczne 1918–1923 (Wroclaw, 1967), p. 162Google Scholar.

16 Kozminski, M., Polska a Wegry przed Druga Wojna Sunatowa, Pazd-ziemik 1938–Wrzesun 1939 (Warsaw, 1970), pp. 77–8Google Scholar.

17 Kaiser, E., Economic diplomacy and the origins of the Second World War: Britain, France and Eastern Europe, 1930–1939 (Princeton, 1980), pp. 364–5Google Scholar.

18 Zarnowski, J. (ed.), Przyjazme i Antagonizmy, Stosunki Polski z Panstwami Sasiednimi w Latach 1918–1939 (Warsaw, 1977)Google Scholar, Bulhak, H., ‘Polska a Rumunia’, pp 341–2Google Scholar.

19 Garlicka, A., Polska a Jugoslawia 1934–1939, z Dziejow Stosunkow Politycznych (Warsaw, 1977), pp. 176–80Google Scholar.

20 Documents on German foreign policy, 19181945, series D, vol. v, no 39, 6 October 1938Google Scholar

21 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Dianusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 22 11 1938Google Scholar.

22 Ibid 7 December 1938

23 Ibid. 28 October 1938.

24 Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London (henceforth PISM), A. 12.881/3, 1 December 1938.

25 Archives of the Free City of Danzig, Danzig (henceforth AG), 3.G, 31 December 1938.

26 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 14 12 1938Google Scholar.

27 Ibid. 4 November 1938.

28 Ibid. 7 December 1938.

29 Polish white book, no. 48, 5 January 1939.

30 Beck, J., Final report (New York, 1957), pp. 171–2Google Scholar.

31 Lubienski, J., ‘Ostatnie negocjacje w sprawie Gdanska. Wyjatki z pamietnika’, Dziennik Polski i Dziennik Zolnierza, 3 12 1953Google Scholar.

32 AG 359/931, 24 May 1938.

33 AG 259/931, 27 May 1938.

34 AG 259/931, 22 June 1938.

35 PISM A12, 53/21, 9 December 1938.

36 Public Records Office, London (henceforth P.R.O.), F.O. 371 23129, C27/27/35, 23 December 1938.

37 P.R.O., F.O. 23132, C1592/92/35, 3 February 1939.

38 Archiwum Akt Nowych, Poland (henceforth AAN), 52, 8 February 1939.

39 ANN, 3, WB, Political Report 5/2, 1 March 1939.

40 Polish white book, no. 61, 21 March 1939, pp. 61–3.

41 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 23 03 1939Google Scholar.

42 PISM, A. 12, 53/22, 21 March 1939.

43 Starzenski, P., Trzy Lata z Beckiem, pp. 173–5Google Scholar.

44 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 24 03 1939Google Scholar.

45 Jedrzejewicz, W. (ed.), Diplomat in Berlin, Doc. 138, pp. 503–4Google Scholar.

46 Ibid. Doc. 139, pp. 504–7.

47 Starzenski, P., Trzy Lata z Beckiem, p. 133Google Scholar.

48 Cannistraro, Ph. V., Wynot, E. D. Jr, Kovaleff, Th. p. (eds.), Poland and the coming of the Second World War. The diplomatic papers of A. J. Drexel Biddle Jr. USA ambassador to Poland, 1937–1939 (Ohio, 1976), p. 46Google Scholar.

49 PISM, A. 11, 48/B/, 23 March 1939.

50 Beck, J., ‘Preliminara Polityczne to Wojny 1939 roku’, Zeszty Historyczne (Paris), no. 20, 1971Google Scholar.

51 Starzenski, P., Trzy Lata z Beckiem, pp. 178–9Google Scholar.

52 Aster, S., 1939, The making of the Second World War (London, 1973)Google Scholar, and Newman, S., March 1939 The British guarantee to Poland (Oxford, 1976)Google Scholar.

53 Newman, S., March 1939, pp. 180202Google Scholar.

54 Newman, S., March 1939, pp. 220–1Google Scholar.

55 A notably different view is presented by Cienciala, A. in Poland and the western powers, 1938–1939: A study of the interdependence of eastern and western Europe (London, 1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

56 P.R.O., CAB 23/98, Cabinet 18/39, 5 APril 1939.

57 Beck, J., Final report, p. 176Google Scholar.

58 Starzenski, P., Trzy Lata z Beckiem, p. 184Google Scholar.

59 Starzenski, P., ‘Umowa z Anglia’, Wiadomosci, Nr. 326, 1952Google Scholar.

60 Starzenski, P., Trzy Lata z Beckiem, p. 184Google Scholar.

61 Ibid. p. 210.

62 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 6 04 1939Google Scholar.

63 Ibid. 4 April 1939.

64 Ibid. 30 May 1939.

65 Ibid. 13 July 1939.

66 Prazmowska, A. J., ‘War over Danzig: The dilemma of Anglo-Polish relations in the months preceding the outbreak of the Second World War’, Historical Journal, XXVI, 1 (1983)Google Scholar.

67 PISM, A. 12, 53/23, 1 April 1939.

68 PISM, A. 12, 53/23, 20 April 1939.

69 PISM, A. 12, 53/23, 29 April 1939.

70 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 3 05 1939Google Scholar.

71 PISM, A. 12, 53/24, 2 June 1939.

72 PISM, A. 11, 49/WB/3, 21 April 1939.

73 PISM, A. 11, 49/WB/3, 10 May 1939.

74 A view expressed to Szembek by Col. Koc, director of Polski Bank Handlowy. Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 26 04 1939Google Scholar.

75 P.R.O., F.O. 371, 23145, C8361/C8377/C9260/9244/1110/55, 30 June 1939.

76 PISM, A. 12, 53/24, 24 July 1939.

77 P.R.O., F.O. 371, 23145, C9244/1110/55, 30 June 1939.

78 P.R.O., F.O. 371, 23146, C9956/1110/55, 15 July 1939.

79 Prazmowska, A. J., ‘The eastern front and the British guarantee to Poland of March 1939’, European History Quarterly, XIV (1984)Google Scholar.

80 P.R.O., CAB 29/159, AFC 6, 4 April 1939.

81 P.R.O., CAB 29/160, AFC(J) 56, 4 May 1939.

82 Biuletyny Informacyjne Wojskowego Instytutu Historycznego, Warsaw, nos. 17–26, ‘Protocol of the Polish-British staff talks’.

83 P.R.O., CAB 2/9, CID, 368 Mtg, Dp(p), 24 july 1939.

84 Polskie Sily Zbrojne w Drugiej Wojnie Swiatowej, vol. I, Kampania Wrzesnoiwa 1939, part I, ed. Londynie, Komisja Historyczna Polskiego Sztabu Glownego w (London, 1956), p. 111Google Scholar.

85 P.R.O, CAB 55/7, J.P. 436, 13 June 1939.

86 P.R.O., CAB 16/219, A.D. 12, 28 June 1939.

87 PISM, Lot. Av. 1/40, i. I, 1 July 1939.

88 PISM, Lot. Av. 1/40, i. I, 18 Augus t 1939.

89 A. 12, 53/25, 1 August 1939.

90 PISM, A. 12, 53/25, 2 August 1939.

91 Polish white book, no. 81, pp. 93–4.

92 PISM, A. 12, 53/25, 10 August 1939.

93 PISM, A. 12, 53/25, 2 August 1939.

94 Zaranski, J. (ed.), Diariusz i Teki Jana Szembeka, 12 08 1939Google Scholar.

95 PISM, A. 12, 53/25, 15 August 1939.

96 Jedrzejewicz, W. (ed.), Diplomat in Berlin, Doc. 148, pp. 556–7Google Scholar.

97 Ibid. Doc. 151, pp. 563–4.

98 Milos, S., Wolne Miasto Gdansk a Liga Narodow, 1920–1939 (Gdansk, 1979), pp. 344–5Google Scholar.