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PACIFISM IN FIN-DE-SIÈCLE AUSTRIA: THE POLITICS AND LIMITS OF PEACE ACTIVISM*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2014

DANIEL LAQUA
DANIEL LAQUA*
Affiliation:
University of Northumbria
*
Department of Humanities, Faculty of Arts, Design and Social Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST[email protected]
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Abstract

The late Habsburg Monarchy produced two of the most renowned peace activists of their day: Bertha von Suttner and Alfred Fried. In comparison to these two Nobel Peace laureates, the main association of Austro-pacifism – the Österreichische Friedensgesellschaft (ÖFG) – is less well known. The article concentrates on this organization, which had been founded in 1891, and it draws attention to the political and intellectual environment in which it operated. The ÖFG originated in the milieu of Austro-German liberalism, but had an ambivalent rapport with liberal politics. The Austro-pacifists’ focus on supranational principles and dynastic loyalty sat uneasily with the national dimensions of Cisleithanian politics. The obstacles encountered by the ÖFG illustrate wider aspects of the political culture of fin-de-siècle Austria, ranging from the question of militarism in Austrian society to the challenges created by socialist and nationalist movements. As a whole, the article highlights the inherent limitations of Austro-pacifism, as reflected in its quest for respectability and its acceptance of the social and political order.

Type
Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 57 , Issue 1 , March 2014 , pp. 199 - 224
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

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Footnotes

*

The author wishes to thank Tim Kirk, Axel Körner, and Matthew Potter for their comments on this article, Robert J. W. Evans for his earlier advice on Austrian history, and the article's anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful observations and invaluable suggestions.

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154 Kovács, Die Friedensbewegung in Österreich-Ungarn, p. 109.

155 Kann, Robert, The multinational empire (2 vols., New York, NY, 1950), ii, pp. 143–8Google Scholar. See also Walz, Stefan, Staat, Nationalität und jüdische Identität vom 18. Jahrhundert bis 1914 (Frankfurt, 1996), pp. 186–96Google Scholar.

156 Türr, General, ‘Geehrter Herr Redacteur!’, Die Waffen nieder!, 7 (1898), p. 402Google Scholar.

157 ‘Zeitschau’, Die Waffen nieder!, 8 (1899), p. 3.

158 Adler, Moritz, ‘Die allgemeine Wehrpflicht und die Nationalität, Die Waffen nieder!, 1 (1894), p. 237Google Scholar.

159 Rudolf Jenny to Suttner, 24 Nov. 1895, Suttner correspondence, box 21, FSP.

160 Suttner, , ‘Mein Aufenthalt in Prag’, Die Waffen nieder!, 4 (1895), p. 427Google Scholar.

161 Suttner, Lebenserinnerungen, p. 531.

162 Fried, , ‘Der Slaventag zu Prag’ (1898), in Fried, , Unter der weißen Fahne: aus der Mappe eines Friedensjournalisten (Berlin, 1901), p. 130Google Scholar.

163 Ibid., p. 131.

164 Ibid., p. 134. This was a reference to Theodor Mommsen's letter ‘An die Deutschen in Österreich’, published by the Neue Freie Presse, 31 Oct. 1897.

165 Alexandr Batěk to Fried, 23 May 1907 and 29 Nov. 1908, Fried correspondence, box 48, FSP.

166 Hermann Bahr to Suttner, 7 Feb. and 11 Feb. 1909, Suttner correspondence, box 13, FSP. See also Hamann, Bertha von Suttner, pp. 473–4.

167 ‘Oesterreichische Friedensgesellschaft’, Die Friedens-Warte, 11 (1909), p. 95.

168 ‘Von den Delegationen’, Die Friedens-Warte, 12 (1910), p. 204 – Fried mentions this in his Handbuch (1913 edn), ii, p. 217.

169 Leaflet in box 47, Fried correspondence, FSP.

170 Glettler, Monika, Die Wiener Tschechen um 1900 (Munich, 1972), pp. 265–6Google Scholar.

171 Alfred Rossmanith to Fried, 12 May 1913, Fried correspondence, box 79, FSP.

172 Beller, Steven, Vienna and the Jews, 1867–1938: a cultural history (Cambridge, 1989), p. 188Google Scholar.

173 Ibid., p. 195.

174 Walz, Staat, Nationalität und jüdische Identität, p. 186. Cf. Boyer, Political radicalism, pp. 209–10.

175 Ibid., p. 361.

176 Arthur Gundaccar v. Suttner, ‘Zur Situation der Gegenwart’, reprinted in Suttner, Lebenserinnungen, p. 340.

177 Kowalek, Emerich, ‘Kritik des “gebildeten” Antisemitismus in seinem Verhältnisse zur Friedensidee’, Die Waffen nieder!, 3 (1893), pp. 60–5Google Scholar and 103–8.

178 Suttner, Lebenserinnerungen, p. 431; also Die Waffen nieder!, 5 (1896), p. 291 and Hamann, Bertha von Suttner, pp. 212–13.

179 ‘F/S Materials 1892–1914, Misc. AHF: Materials, Newspaper Cuttings, 1897–1914’, box 14, FSP.

180 Levenson, Alan, ‘Theodor Herzl and Bertha von Suttner: criticism, collaboration and utopianism’, Journal of Israeli History, 15 (1994), pp. 213–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

181 Ibid., pp. 91 and 163.

182 Stefan Zweig, The world of yesterday (London, 1943), p. 5.

183 Beller, Vienna and the Jews, p. 180.

184 Pieter Judson, ‘Rethinking the liberal legacy’, in Beller, Rethinking Vienna, 1900, p. 74.

185 Suttner, Lebenserinnerungen, p. 550.

186 Alfred Fried to Henri La Fontaine, 29 July 1914, in box 66, records of the International Peace Bureau, League of Nations Archives, United Nations Library.

187 ÖFG board meeting, 7 Aug. 1914, Fried correspondence, box 73, FSP.

188 That said, Fried subsequently moved to Switzerland to continue his journalistic activities.