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THE NORMATIVITY OF NATURE IN PUFENDORF AND LOCKE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 October 2019

HANNAH DAWSON
HANNAH DAWSON*
Affiliation:
King's College London
*
Department of History, King's College London, Room 8.05 Strand Building, Strand, wc2r 2ls[email protected]
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Abstract

At the beginning of De jure naturae et gentium (1672), Samuel von Pufendorf proposed a radical dichotomy between nature and morality. He was followed down this arid path by his great admirer John Locke. This article begins by exploring their descriptions of this dichotomy, examining the ways in which human animals were supposed to haul themselves out of the push and pull of the mechanistic world in order to become free moral agents. The article then argues that bubbling up from within this principal account of morality is an alternative account according to which virtue seems to infuse nature, thereby blurring the lines between obligation and motivation, and refiguring the character of moral and political agency. In uncovering this refiguration, I highlight the importance of Aristotelianism and Stoicism for Pufendorf and Locke, suggest continuities rather than breaks between the natural lawyers of the seventeenth century and the theorists of moral sentiment of the next, and gesture towards a hitherto underappreciated discourse in early modern thought: the normativity of nature.

Type
Article
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 63 , Issue 3 , June 2020 , pp. 528 - 558
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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Footnotes

This article began life as the inaugural Balzan–Skinner Lecture that I delivered at the University of Cambridge. I am deeply indebted to Quentin Skinner, who endowed the Balzan–Skinner Prize in an act characteristic of his unfailing generosity to the historical profession, and who has offered me sustaining encouragement and comments on the paper. I am also hugely grateful to Richard Bourke, Annabel Brett, Chris Brooke, Mark Goldie, Lena Halldenius, James Harris, Clare Jackson, Susan James, Sachiko Kusukawa, Linda Randall, John Robertson, Richard Serjeantson, and the anonymous reviewers of this article for their helpful feedback. Finally, heartfelt thanks to the International Balzan Prize Foundation for their indispensable support, and to the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities at the University of Cambridge for hosting me as the Balzan–Skinner Fellow for a very happy term.

References

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18 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 2; Pufendorf, De jure naturae et gentium (Lund, 1672), pp. 2–4Google Scholar (I will refer to this edition unless otherwise specified).

19 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 13.

20 Ibid., p. 14.

21 Ibid., p. 15.

22 Ibid., p. 6.

23 Ibid., p. 7.

24 Locke, Essay, p. 165; Locke lists a third category of complex ideas – relations between ideas – but tends to subsume them under mixed modes, e.g., p. 437.

25 Ibid., p. 429.

26 Ibid., p. 453.

27 Ibid., p. 359.

28 Ibid., p. 119.

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30 Ibid., p. 11.

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37 Ibid., pp. 71, 352.

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48 Pufendorf, Elementorum, ii, p. 5.

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53 Locke, Essay, p. 271.

54 Pufendorf, Elementorum, ii, p. 3. Cf. Locke, Essay, p. 277.

55 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 27.

56 Pufendorf, Elementorum, ii, p. 5.

57 Ibid., ii, p. 4.

58 Ibid., ii, p. 9, i, p. 8.

59 Suárez, Treatise on law, ii, p. 237, i (Latin), p. 141.

60 Ibid., ii, pp. 239–40.

61 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 60.

62 Locke, Essay, p. 478.

63 Ibid., p. 109.

64 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 2.

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84 Locke, Essay, pp. 272–7.

85 Ibid., p. 351.

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89 Locke, ‘Of ethic’, fo. 152r.

90 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 47; Pufendorf, De jure, p. 82.

91 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 49.

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95 Cf. Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 110.

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98 Pufendorf, Duty, p. 27; Pufendorf, De officio, p. 13.

99 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 47.

100 Ibid., p. 49.

101 Pufendorf, Duty, p. 29; Pufendorf, De officio, p. 15.

102 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 52; Pufendorf, De officio, p. 70.

103 Locke, ‘Of ethic’, fo. 150v.

104 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 147.

105 Ibid., p. 146.

106 Aristotle, Nicomachean ethics, p. 48.

107 Hobbes, Leviathan, p. 146.

108 Ibid., p. 97.

109 Locke, Two treatises, p. 392.

110 Ibid., p. 393.

111 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 33; Pufendorf, De jure, pp. 56–7.

112 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 33.

113 Locke, Essay, p. 239.

114 Ibid., p. 267.

115 Ibid., p. 268.

116 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 31; Pufendorf, De jure (Amsterdam), p. 42. Cf. Plato, Phaedrus 426a–b.

117 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 53; Pufendorf, De jure, p. 94.

118 Long and Sedley, eds., Hellenistic philosophers, i, p. 394.

119 Cicero, On ends, trans. H. Rackham (Cambridge, MA, 1931), pp. 233–5.

120 Pufendorf, Duty, p. 46.

121 Locke, Essays, pp. 157–9.

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128 Ibid., p. 309.

129 Ibid., p. 181.

130 Locke, Essays, p. 209.

131 Ibid., p. 207.

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135 Locke, Essay, p. 353.

136 Ibid., p. 357.

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141 Ibid., p. 161.

142 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 108.

143 Ibid., pp. 109–10.

144 Pufendorf, Duty, p. 119; Pufendorf, De officio, p. 103.

145 Pufendorf, Duty, p. 11.

146 Pufendorf, Law of nature, p. 21; Pufendorf, De jure, p. 38.

147 Locke, Essays, pp. 132–3.

148 Ibid., pp. 157–9.

149 Ibid., p. 111, cf. p. 109.

150 Locke, Two treatises, pp. 318–19.

151 Locke, Essays, p. 123.

152 See Dunn, John, The political thought of John Locke (Cambridge, 1689)Google Scholar; Bourke, Richard and Geuss, Raymond, eds., Political judgement: essays for John Dunn (Cambridge, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

153 Locke, Two treatises, p. 380 (my italics).

154 Ibid., p. 415.

155 Dunn, John, ‘What is living and what is dead in the political theory of John Locke?’, and ‘Trust and political agency’, in Interpreting Political Responsibility (Princeton, NJ, 1990), pp. 9–25 and pp. 26–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar.