¹ The work of the Institut Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk in Lüneburg is making up for the virtual absence of Lithuanian and non-German Livonian studies in mainstream German scholarship over the past fifty years. See below n. 14.

² Hiden, J., The Baltic states and Weimar Ostpolitik (Cambridge, 1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem and Salmon, P., The Baltic nations and Europe, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the twentieth century (London and New York, 1991)Google Scholar. Lithuania provides an excellent front cover and just a little more in this study of the German-speaking eastern Baltic.

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⁴ London and New York, 1991.

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⁸ Kirby, , Northern Europe, p. XGoogle Scholar. Bonney, R., The European dynastic states 1494–1660 [The short Oxford history of the modern world] (Oxford, 1991), pp. 242–301 deals with ‘the outsiders of Europe’ by which curious misnomer he refers to Sweden, Poland–Lithuania, Russia and the Ottoman empire. Some English readers may understand the jargon sympathetically as ‘not my period, not my bailiwick’; would anyone else? The Winds of the World give answer!Google Scholar

⁹ Oakley, S.P, The story of Sweden (London, 1966)Google Scholar; The story of Denmark (London, 1972)Google Scholar; William III and the northern crowns during the Mine Years War 1689–1697 (London and New York, 1987).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Gudavičius, E., ‘Lietuvių pašauktinės kariuomenės organizacijos bruožai’ [‘Outlines of Lithuanian military conscription’], Karo Archyvas, XIII (1992), 43–118Google Scholar; Wimmer, J., ‘Wojsko i skarb Rzeczypospolitej u schylku XVI i w I polowie XVII w.’, Stadia i materialy do Historii Wojskowości, XIV (1966) and the studies of M. Nagielski.Google Scholar

¹¹ Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu, responsible for Zapiski Historyczne since 1908.

¹² Acta Poloniae Historica (Warsaw, 1958–) provides translations in western European languages of selected Polish papers each year.Google Scholar

¹³ For sixteenth-century Russia see the works of R. G. Skrynnikov. E. Keenan and the North American school of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Muscovite history have amplified N. Andreyev's work in Cambridge several decades ago. A more useful summary than that available here is given by Crummey, R. O., The formation of Muscovy 1304–1613 (London and New York, 1987)Google Scholar. At least read Angermann, N., Studien zur Livlandpolitik Ivan Groznyjs (Marburg/Lahn, 1972).Google Scholar

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¹⁹ Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopédijų leidykla, 1993, with German and Polish summaries, pp. 253–262–270.

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