¹ Resnick, D., The White Terror and the Political Reaction after Waterloo (Massachusetts, 1966).Google Scholar

² Ordonnance du Roi relative à I'organisation d'une nouvelle armée, 16 Aug. 1815. Ail quotations are my own translation.

³ Chamans, A., Mémoires (Paris, 1896), pp. 303–23.Google Scholar

⁴ La commission chargée d'examiner la conduite des officiers qui ont servi pendant I'usurpation, 6 Nov. 1815.

⁵ Barrès, J., Memoirs of a Napoleonic Officer (London, 1923), pp. 220–4.Google Scholar

⁶ Ex-Napoleonic — used throughout to describe men or officers who fought in the Italian cam- paigns, and under the Consulate, or Empire.

⁷ Castellane, B., Son Journal, 1 (Paris, 1895–1897), 310–13, 327–8Google Scholar

⁸ Monteilhet, J., Les Institutions militaires de la France (Paris, 1932), ch. 1. This is essential reading if the legislative aspects of the Bourbon army are to be understood. To avoid repetition I have merely summarized the more important changes, and readers are referred either to Monteilhet or to the documents themselves. In particular: Loi sur le recrutement de l'armée, 10 Mar. 1818; Ordon-nance sur la hiérarchie et l'avancement, 2 Aug. 1818.Google Scholar

⁹ Schnapper, B., Le Remplacement militaire en France (Paris, 1968).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Under-officers (sous-officiers) — French army junior rank comparable to the modern English grades of staff sergeant, warrant officer and officer cadet.

¹¹ In May 1828 an article appeared in the Revue française ‘De la Guerre en Espagne’. It is a fascinating critical examination of the army in 1823 written by the editor, Armand Carrel. Carrel, a notable liberal, was educated at St Cyr.

¹² de Hauranne, Duvergier, L'Histoire du gouvernement parlementaire, IV, 289.Google Scholar

¹³ Guillon, E., Les Complots militaircs sous la Restauration (Paris, 1895).Google Scholar No attempt is made here to provide a resume of the details of the various plots. Guillon provides an excellent account both of the events and personalities. The subject is also covered by a recent article: see Savigneur, P., ‘Carbonarism and the French Army’, History (June, 1969).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Fantin, L. des Odoards, Journal (Paris, 1895), pp. 460–1.Google Scholar

¹⁵ St Chamans, , Mémoires, pp. 354–5.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Bapst, G., Canrobert, Souvenirs d'un siècle (Paris, 1898), pp. 46, 50.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Castellane, , Journal, 1, 334–45.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Pelleport, P., Souvenirs militaires et intimes (Paris, 1857), 11, 142.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Marmont, A., Mémoires, VII (Paris, 1857), 271–2. Guillon, Complots militaires, gives details of this plot which involved several regiments of the line stationed in Paris but was frustrated by Marmont's prompt action.Google Scholar

²⁰ General officers (officiers-général) denotes all officers above the rank of colonel.

²¹ The details of the conspiracies can be read in Guillon, Complots militaires. Monteilhet, Institu– tions militaires, gives the particulars of the legislative changes in 1820.

²² Quoted by Lavisse, , Histoire de France contentporaine, IV, bk. 2 (Paris, 1921), 178.Google Scholar

²³ de Grandmaison, Geoffrey, L'Expédition francaise d'Espagne en 1823 (Paris, 1928). The best account of both the preparations and the campaign.Google Scholar

²⁴ The Duke of Bellune was Minister of War from December 1821 to October 1823.

²⁵ Revue française (May 1828), p. 143 (see above, note 11).

²⁶ Pelleport, , Souvenirs, 11, 153. The details of the conspiracies can be found in Guillon, Complots militaires.Google Scholar

²⁷ Les Archives historiques du Ministère de la Guerre (A.H.M.G.) D171 (Angoulême's corres– pondence and orders in the period immediately before the campaign).

²⁸ St Chamans, , Mémoires, p. 422.Google Scholar

²⁹ Odoards, Fantin des, Journal, pp. 484–7. The action took place on 17 July 1823; in Auguit Fantin was promoted and in November he was given a brigade.Google Scholar

³⁰ Revue française (May 1828), pp. 151, 155.

³¹ Grandmaison, Expédition d'Espagne, provides the details.

³² Schnapper, , Le Remplacement militaire en France, p. 290.Google Scholar

³³ The veterans were the reserve army referred to above, p. 531. When summoned to join the army in the Pyrenees in March 1823 only about 10 per cent actually came forward. The liberals maintained that the reserve could only be used in time of national emergency to defend France.

³⁴ Pelleport, , Souvenirs, 11, 172.Google Scholar

³⁵ Marmont, , Mémoires, VII, 293.Google Scholar

³⁶ Monteilhet, , Institutions militaires, for details of the legislative changes of 1820 and 1824. In theory the mass of eligible candidates who were not selected formed a reserve for use in a national emergency, but the plans to organize this reserve were never implemented.Google Scholar

³⁷ The debates can be read in full in the Archives parlementaires.

³⁸ de Vigny, A., Servitude et grandeur militaires (Paris, 1835), bk. II, ch. 13. This explosion in the arsenal at Vincennes in August 1819 may have been connected with anti–Bourbon conspirators; Guillon, Complots militaires, p. 120.Google Scholar

³⁹ Belhomme, V., Histoire de I'infanterie en France (Paris, 1892–1902), vol. v. A collection of all such changes within the army, to be referred to but not read.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Castellane, , Journal, 1, 415–22.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Castellane, , Journal, 11, 2–6.Google Scholar

⁴² For an example of this ceremony see Castellane, , Journal, 1, 316–18.Google Scholar

⁴³ Barrès, , Memoirs, p. 206Google Scholar. Sève, L'abbé, Souvenirs d'un aumônier militaire (Lyons, 1851), pro– vides an excellent example of the extreme royalist attitude to the role of religion in the Bourbon Army.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Marmont, , Mémoires, VIII, 3.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Castellane, , Journal, 11, 173–5.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Pelleport, , Souvenirs, 11, 177.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ d'Hautpoul, A., Souvenirs (Paris, 1906), III, 400.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ St Chamans, , Mémoires, p. 349.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ J. La Motte Rouge (la Motte de), Souvenirs el campagnes (Nantes, 1895), ch. III.

⁵⁰ Bapst, , Canrobert Souvenirs, p. 35.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Casse, A. du, Scènes de la vie militaire, du soir au matin (Paris, 1852).Google Scholar

⁵² In civilian dress, trans., ‘en bourgeois’.

⁵³ Castellane, , Journal, 11, 41.Google Scholar The problem of when and where uniform was worn during this period has not been solved but Girardet's assertion that the wearing of uniform ‘in society’ became less common remains unproven. Girardet, R., La Société militaire dans la France contemporatne (Paris, 1953) is the best known work on the French Army betwen Napoleon and the Second World War.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Stendhal, H., Lucien Leuwen (first draft, 1834–1835), an important novel describing the existence of a young officer in a provincial garrison town.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Bapst, , Canrobert Souvenirs, pp. 121–2. I have not found any military journal written in this period that gives any indication of interest in the arts or politics excepting Castellane's fashionable involvement in Parisian entertainments and various attempts of senior officers to stand as deputies.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Chalmin, P., L'Officier français, 1815–1870 (Paris, 1959). The most satisfactory analysis of the French officer corps, especially its social background and position in society.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ General Lamarque wrote several articles on the French army of which the most important was ‘L'Esprit militaire en France 1826’.

⁵⁸ Chalmin, L'Officier français, provides more detail on this problem and limited but revealing statistics can be found on p. 101 and also in annexe 7.

⁵⁸ La Motte, , Souvenirs et campagnes, pp. 337–8.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ D'Hautpoul, , Souvenirs, III, 428.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Azan, P., L'Exptdition d'Alger (Paris, 1930).Google Scholar

⁶² The problems of comparative military theory in the early nineteenth century have yet to be satisfactorily considered. However, it would appear that Napoleon's defeat was not seen in terms of the ‘new’ Prussian army by any non-Prussian military analyst.

⁶³ Journal des sciences militaires (1825), the Spectateur militaire (1826), and the Journal du gé militaire (1828).

⁶⁴ Marmont, , Mémoires (1826), vol. VII.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Spectateur militaire, 1826. General Friron, ‘Observation sur 1'etlucation militaire’ with the various replies in correspondence pages. Also Arifat, Villeneuve, Discours à I'ouverture de I'Ecole Régimentaire de Sous-Officiers (Paris, 1828).Google Scholar

⁶⁶ For more details on weapons and equipment: Margerand, J., Armemcnt et équipement de l'infanterie française des XVle–XXe siècles (Paris, 1945)Google Scholar, and Hicks, Major J., French Military Weapons (1717–1938) (New York, 1964).Google Scholar

⁶⁷ La Motte, , Souvenirs el Campagnes, pp. 320–1.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ For examples of inspections: Castellane, Journal; see also Canrobert, , Souvenirs, pp. 144–5 for description of inspection by Castellane. The instructions issued to inspector–generals (A.H.M.G. Xem) show how these inspections should have been carried out. The detailed returns by the inspector– generals to the Ministry of War (A.H.M.G. Xd 367, 368) are evidence that the system of inspections was rigorously enforced, and suggest that it was an effective way of maintaining standards throughout the army.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ La Motte, , Souvenirs et campagnes, pp. 321–7. Details of the training camps, with a series of monthly progress reports, can be found in A.H.M.G. X1 2, 3.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Morand, , L'Arméc selon la charte; also Lamarque, ‘Esprit militaire’ and Marmont, Mémoires.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Pelleport, , Souvenirs, 11, 174–90, provides the best account of this council. Marmont, Mémoires, VIII, 199, over–emphasizes his own importance in the proceedings. The reports of the council (A.H.M.G. Xs140) provide the details of the recommendations.Google Scholar

⁷² Julien, Ch.-A., Histoire de L'Algérie (Paris, 1964), pp. 521–4, provides an excellent bibliography. The best account of the expedition is Azan's L'Expédition d'Alger. There are many less satisfactory alternatives.Google Scholar

⁷³ St Chamans, , Mémoires, pp. 485–6.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Julien, , Histoire de L'Algérie, p. 23, for an account of how Napoleon sent engineers to plan the campaign.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Bourmont was Minister of War in the Polignac administration.

⁷⁶ Azan, , L'Expédition d'Alger, provides almost all the material necessary for an understanding of the campaign.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Berthèzene, P., Dix–huit 14 juin 1830–diccmbrc 1831 (1834). A good account which emphasizes the fact that the army that sailed to Algiers was a specially picked force, leaving many line regiments sadly depleted at home; pp. 43–5.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Marmont gives the best general outline of the military aspects of the ‘Glorious Days’ while St Chamans, Barrès and d'Hautpoul all described their own roles.

⁷⁹ Barrès, , Mémoires, pp. 247–74.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Vigny, , Grandeur et servitude militaires, bk. m, chs. 1–2.Google Scholar

⁸¹ Marmont, , Mémoires, VIII, 237–317.Google Scholar

⁸² St Chamans, , Mémoires, pp. 485–529.Google Scholar

⁸³ The evidence falls into three main categories: the unpublished military sources, A.H.M.G. D3131–132; the civilian reports, Archives nationaUs F9 399–411; and the published accounts, of which those by Castellane, Canrobert, Fantin des Odoards, Changarnier (in Algeria) and la Motte are particularly important.

⁸⁴ Unfortunately the material referred to in this section (mainly A.H.M.G. D3131–132) is not classified.

⁸⁵ The Revue historique (1931) contains a series of articles assessing the reaction of the provinces to the news of the events in Paris.

⁸⁶ Girard, L., La Garde Nationate 1814–1871 (Paris, 1964), for an account of the role of the National Guard in the July days.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Castellane, , Journal, II, 359–60. Castellane was at Clermont on 2 August. The order to take the tricolour was received on the 3rd.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Odoards, Fantin des, Journal, p. 513.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ La Motte, , Souvenirs et Campagnes, May 1831. It was only in the summer of 1831 that the new regime was able to place full confidence in the army which had been ‘de–Bourbonized’ by an extensive purge which accompanied the large number of resignations.Google Scholar