¹ The growth of trade at Zanzibar is described in Coupland, R., East Africa and its InvadersGoogle Scholar, eh. 10. For Masqaṭ trade see Parl. Papers, 1871, LI, 409.

² Coupland, , op. cit. 300.Google Scholar Selections from the Bombay Records, vol. XXIV, The Navigation of the Persian Gulf, p. 631. P[ublic] R[ecord] O[ffice] 30/29/103, Frere to Granville, 26 Aug. 1872, enclosing Memorandum on Indians at Masqaṭ and Zanzibar.

³ Coupland, , op. cit. 372–8.Google Scholar

⁴ Christie, J., Cholera Epidemics in East Africa, p. 360.Google Scholar

⁵ Gavin, R. J., ‘Palmerston's policy towards the East and West coasts of Africa’, Ph.D. Cambridge (1959), pp. 54 ff.Google Scholar F[oreign] O[ffice] 84/444, India Board to Foreign Office enclosing Hamerton to Willoughby, 9 Feb. 1842. Parl. Papers 1847, vol. XLI 385.Google ScholarHansard, series 3, XCIV, cols. 442 ff.

⁶ Thomas, B., ‘Arab rule under the Al Bu Sa‘ld dynasty of Oman’, Raleigh Lecture (1938), 19.Google Scholar

⁷ Coupland, , op. cit. 297–8.Google Scholar Report by Cogan, , 4 12 1839, F.O. 54/3.Google Scholar

⁸ Gavin, , op. cit. 313.Google Scholar

⁹ Lorimer, J. G., Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, 456, 458, 466 and 474.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Kelly, J. B., ‘British Policy in the Persian Gulf, 1813–1843’, Ph.D. London (1956), 235.Google Scholar

¹¹ Gavin, , op. cit. 318–22, 336–7.Google Scholar

¹² Arabic . The word has various meanings, ‘soldier’ or ‘volunteer’ being the most common. Van der Meulen, referring to the men who settled the beduin nomads on the land in central Arabia and who also called themselves ‘Mutawwa‘’, translates the term as ‘missionary’ (Van der Meulen, The Wells of Ibn Sa'ud, 63). Bertram Thomas translates the term as ‘religious leader of Ibadhi orthodoxy’ (Thomas, , op. cit. 19).Google Scholar Disbrowe said the Mutawwa's appeared in considerable numbers in Masqaṭ as soldiers (I[ndian] S[ecret] L[etters], no. 6 of 25 Jan. 1870; Disbrowe to government of Bombay, 9 Dec. 1869).

¹³ One may cite also the Padrist movement in Indonesia, the Mahdists in the Sudan, the Idris! in Northern Yemen, the Mulla movement in Somaliland and the Wahhābl Ikhwān in Central Arabia.

¹⁴ Selections from the Bombay Records, no. 24, Disbrowe, Rise and Progress of the Government of Muscat, 1694–1837, 217–19.

¹⁵ Lorimer, , op. cit. 2375.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Selections from Bombay Records, no. 24, Disbrowe, , op. cit. 227–8.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Lorimer, , op. cit. 476 and 482.Google ScholarAitchison's Treaties, 5th edn., ix, 273.Google Scholar

¹⁸ ISL, no. 18 of 24 Feb. 1872, enclosing Pelly's comments on Ross to Pelly, no. 504 of 25 Aug. 1871 (Bombay Administration Report 1870/1, 188). ‘Azzān's policy was ‘to cripple the independence of the tribes’.

¹⁹ Palgrave, W. G., Narrative of a Journey into Central Arabia, 265.Google Scholar Palgrave is an unreliable source. He is suspected of writing of places he never visited. His statement therefore may not describe the situation in all ‘Uman. But he could hardly have been as esteemed as he was by contemporaries if his observations on the habits of so accessible a town as Masqaṭ were palpably untrue.

²⁰ Lorimer, , op. cit. 481–91.Google Scholar

²¹ Lorimer, , op. cit. 476.Google Scholar ISL, no. 4 of 18 Jan. 1870, enclosing Pelly to government of Bombay, no. 202 of 3 Nov. 1869.

²² ISL, no. 47 of 22 March 1872, enclosure 2, ‘Azzān to Barghash undated; ISL, no. 4 of 18 Jan. 1870, enclosing Pelly to government of Bombay, no. 191 of 9 Oct. 1869.

²³ ISL, no. 4 of 18 Jan. 1870, enclosing Disbrowe to government of Bombay, 29 Oct. 1869; ISL, no. 213 of 20 Dec. 1871, enclosing Way to government of Bombay, no. 525 of 28 Oct. 1870.

²⁴ Sultan Majīd disbursed 100,000 Maria Theresa dollars to ‘Umānī Arabs at Zanzibar on condition that they would assist Turkī. He sent Turkī a bill for 20,000 M.T.T. and dispatched a ship to the Gulf to recruit Persian artillerymen for Turkī's service (ISL, no. 47 of 22 March 1872, enclosing Kirk to government of Bombay, 1 Jan. 1872; ISL, no. 202 of 27 Sept. 1870, enclosing Haji Abd ar Rahman to Pelly, 9 June 1870, and government of Bombay to government of India, 10 Aug. 1870). An interested Indian merchant house discounted Turkī's bill on Majīd; British involvement will appear below.

²⁵ ISL, no. 18 of 24 Feb. 1872, enclosing Felly's comments on Ross to Felly, no. 504 of 25 Aug. 1871.

²⁶ For this incident see Russell, C. E. B., General Rigby, Zanzibar and the Slave Trade, 112–2OGoogle Scholar, and Coupland, R., The Exploitation of East Africa, 21–4.Google Scholar One of the principal parties involved in the rising was Sāl'h bin ‘Alī al Ḥārithī who with Sayyid Khalfan al Khalīlī was joint leader of the Mutawwa’ movement (ISL, no. 6 of 25 Jan. 1870, enclosing Disbrowe to government of Bombay, no. 688 of 6 Sept. 1869; see also ISL, no. 57 of 16 June 1873, Kirk's memorandum on the position of the Zanzibar Sultan, 17 April 1873).

²⁷ Zanzibar Secret Letters, Churchill, to government of Bombay, no. 367 of 6 12 1870Google Scholar, Kirk to government of Bombay, 1 Jan. 1871.

²⁸ Cf. Coupland, R., The Exploitation of East Africa, ch. 12.Google Scholar

²⁹ Zanzibar Secret Letters, Churchill, to government of Bombay, no. 370 of 6 12 1870.Google Scholar

³⁰ Zanzibar Secret Letters, Churchill, to government of Bombay, no. 341 of 17 11 1870Google Scholar, no. 367 of 6 Dec. 1870, no. 370 of 6 Dec. 1870.

³¹ An India Office official commented on ISL, no. 43 of 15 Mar. 1872, that Turkī's impecuniosity would cause anarchy and that would invite Turkish interference.

³² Douin, , Histoire du Règne du Khedive Ismail, tome 2, especially pp. 331, 678, 10Google Scholar, but this whole volume is evidence of this.

³³ The Khedive's greatest enemy at the Porte was Khalil Pasha who had coquetted with the Young Turk party (Douin, , op. cit. 314).Google Scholar The reforming Midhat Pasha, another Young Turk, was another of the Khedive's prominent enemies (Douin, 668). Mustafa Pasha, another erstwhile member of the Young Turk party and a rival claimant to the Khedive's throne, went to Constantinople in 1869 (Douin, 310). Sayyid Jamāl ad Dīn al Afghānī, one of the founders of modern Egyptian nationalism, castigated Ismail and went over to preaching Pan Islam under the Ottoman Caliphate about this time (Adams, C. C., Islam and Modernism in Egypt, 92.Google ScholarNuseibeh, H. Z., The Ideas of Arab Nationalism, 120–4).Google Scholar

³⁴ Douin, , op. cit. 316–18Google Scholar; see also F.O. 424/31 for the Khedive's attempt to secure his independence and the British reaction to this. The Khedive's extensive bribery at the Porte won over many supporters there among the corrupt elements (see Douin, , op. cit. 315).Google Scholar

³⁵ ISL, no. 212 of 3 Oct. 1872, enclosing Aden Resident to government of Bombay, no. 93–654 of 27 April 1871, and report by Redeef Pasha on the Asir campaign (Mahmud Mukhtar, The Life of Ahmed Mukhtar Pasha, 39 ff.).

³⁶ Philby, H. St J., Saudi Arabia, 222Google Scholar; Midhat, A. H., The Life of Midhat Pasha, 24 ff.Google Scholar

³⁷ British warships from Aden helped cope with a previous ‘Asirī revolt in 1855. In 1870 the first thought of the Governor of Hodeida when threatened by the ‘Asir was to appeal for aid to the Aden Resident (ISL, no. 9 of 18 Jan. 1871, Aden Resident to government of Bombay, no. 240–1623 of 19 Nov. 1870).

³⁸ Baud, M., ‘British Policy in the Persian Gulf 1891–1902’, Ph.D. London (1956), 263Google Scholar; India Office Home Correspondence, Foreign Office to India Office, 17 04 1871Google Scholar, enclosing Elliott, to Granville, , 3 04 1871.Google Scholar

³⁹ ISL, no. 43 of 15 March 1872, enclosure 19, Pelly to government of Bombay, 23 Sept. 1871.

⁴⁰ ISL, no. 2c of 5 Dec. 1873; ISL, no. 84 of 23 Oct. 1873, enclosing Aden Resident to government of Bombay Telegraphic of 21 Oct. 1873; and India Office Home Correspondence, Aden Resident to Secretary of State for India Telegraphic of 27 Oct. 1873.

⁴¹ India Office Home Correspondence, Foreign Office to India Office, 19 10 1867Google Scholar, enclosing Barron to Stanley, 5 Oct. 1867. Fuad Pasha claimed all Arabia except Aden.

⁴² Aden Secret Letters, no. 113 of 17 Sept. 1867, enclosing report Abbott, to Merewether, , 17 09 1867.Google Scholar

⁴³ ISL, no. 55 of 16 June 1873, enclosure 3, Frere, to Granville, , 18 01 1873.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ The principal members of the school were Badger the Arabic scholar, Frere the ex-Governor of Bombay and member of the Indian Council, Rawlinson a member of the Indian Council, expert on Middle Eastern affairs, and Kaye, Political Secretary at the India Office (Badger Papers 2910, fo. 51, Badger to Kaye, 4 Jan. 1873). Their views were regarded with scepticism by Aitchison and Northbrook in India (India Office MSS. Eur. C. 144/2/9, Northbrook to Argyll, 2 Jan. 1874). Their views were finally accepted and embodied in a violent dispatch to Constantinople in 1874.

⁴⁵ ‘Parliamentary Committee on the Slave Trade; Report and Evidence’, Parl. Papers 1871, XII, 1, question 146.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Zanzibar Secret Letters, Kirk to government of Bombay, 25 02 1871Google Scholar, in which Kirk complains that he has received no instructions since Aug. 1870.

⁴⁷ India Office MSS. Eur. C. 144'2/20, Northbrook to Rawlinson, 17 May 1874.

⁴⁸ See Martineau, J., The Life and Correspondence of Sir Barile Frere, I, ch. 13.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Salisbury Papers, Frere Correspondence, Frere, to Halifax, Lord, 7 09 1866.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Salisbury Papers, ibid., Frere, to Salisbury, , 29 11 1875.Google Scholar Northbrook relied considerably on Aitchison (cf. I.O. Eur. MSS. C. 144/2/14).

⁵¹ Salisbury Papers, ibid., Frere, to Halifax, , 7 09 1866.Google Scholar

⁵² Aitchison's Treaties, 5th edn., XI, 275.Google Scholar

⁵³ Ibid.

⁵⁴ ISL, no. 202 of 27 Sept. 1870, Pelly to government of Bombay, no. 267–83 of 10 July 1870. The Bombay government said that they could not stop the payment of grants from Majīd to Turkī which passed through Bombay banking houses (ibid. 19 Aug. 1870, government of Bombay to government of India).

⁵⁵ ISL, no. 202 of 27 Sept. 1870, Rahman, Haji Abder to Pelly, , 9 06 1870.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ ISL, no. 13 of 1 March 1872, outlines Simla's accumulated grievances against Bombay.

⁵⁷ ISL, no. 31 of 25 July 1870; ISL, no. 43 of 15 March 1872, enclosures nos. 22 and 23 Wedderburn (Bombay) to Aitchison, , 26 02 1872.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Coupland, R., The Exploitation of East Africa, 72–4Google Scholar; India Office MSS. Eur. C. 144/2/9, Northbrook, to Argyll, , 14 11 1872Google Scholar, containing Pelly's summary of the matter.

⁵⁹ Parliamentary Committee on the East African Slave Trade 1871, Parl. Papers 1871, XII, 1, questions 197–200.

⁶⁰ Ibid., questions 209 and 216.

⁶¹ Ibid., questions 685 ff., 765–6, 841–8. No explanation was found at the time for the failure. Heath believed that information on his movements had leaked out (questions 700 and 685). In fact the reason was that the slave trade had switched from Arabia to the Somali coast and Heath's vessels on the Haḍrami coast stood beyond the end of the slave route (ISL.no. 182 of 9 Oct. 1873, enclosure 9, Kirk to government of India, no. 21 of 31 May 1873).

⁶² F.O. 84/1295, Heath to Churchill, 25 Aug. 1868.

⁶³ Ibid., Heath to Admiralty, 2 Sept. 1868; Anti-Slavery Reporter, 31 March 1870. The otherwise accommodating Naqīb of Mukallā also complained (Aden Secret Letter, no. 162 of 15 June 1869).

⁶⁴ When Badger came back to England from dealing with the Masqaṭ–Zanzibar arbitration in 1861 he went to the Foreign Office and asked that further measures be taken against the slave trade. The officials there said that he overestimated the horrors of the traffic. He got a similar reception from several M.P.'s and a prelate to whom he also applied. Sir George Clerk, Kaye, Rigby and Livingstone also pressed the government on the subject without success (Pall Mall Gazette, 8 Nov. 1872).

⁶⁵ Gavin, , op. cit. 343 ff.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ F.O. 84/1295, Heath to Admiralty, 2 Sept. 1868, enclosing Heath to Churchill, , 25 08 1868.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Parl. Papers 1870, LXI, 899–907.

⁶⁸ Parliamentary Committee Question 452; India Office MSS. Eur. C. 144/9, Rawlinson to Northbrook, 28 March 1872.

⁶⁹ ISL, no. 13 of 1 March 1872, summary of Bombay's misdeeds; ISL, no. 60 of 21 Dec. 1870, government of India to government of Bombay, 2194 P of 16 Dec. 1870, censures Churchill.

⁷⁰ Stanley had already in 1868 given his opinion that Parliament would not sanction further expense on the suppression of the East African slave trade (F.O. 84/1295 Stanley's minute, 20 Oct. 1868).

⁷¹ Parliamentary Committee, Questions 216–220.

⁷² Treasury T/1/7179a, Granville, to Lowe, , 5 05 1871Google Scholar, enclosing Argyll, to Granville, , 27 04 1871.Google Scholar

⁷³ T/1/7179a Lowe's minutes on above, 15 May 1871 and 27 May 1871.

⁷⁴ F.O. 84/1348, Vivian's minute on Treasury to Foreign Office, 8 02 1871.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ F.O. 84/1333, Buxton, to Clarendon, , 25 05 1870Google Scholar, and Wylde/s minute, 2 June 1870.

⁷⁶ Hansard, series 3, CCVII, cols. 956–7.

⁷⁷ F.O. 84/1349, Granville minute, 22 June 1871, Parliamentary Committee on the Slave Trade, Questions 49–51.

⁷⁸ Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 July 1871, quoting the Daily News.

⁷⁹ Parliamentary Committee on the East African Slave Trade, questions 225–234, 222 (Parl. Papers 1871, LXI, 1).

⁸⁰ Ibid., question 153.

⁸¹ Ibid., questions 460–76.

⁸² Parl. Papers 1871, XII, 1. It did not recommend remission of the subsidy.

⁸³ Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 April 1873, report of Kennaway's speech at Exeter.

⁸⁴ T/1/7179a, Foreign Office to Treasury, 10 Oct. 1871, Lowe, to Granville, , 27 10 1875.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ See Gavin, , op. cit. 227 ff.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Cf. Medlicott, W. N., Gladstone, Bismarck and the Concert of Europe.Google Scholar

⁸⁷ F.O. 84/1386, Foreign Office circular letter, 16 Feb. 1872, Russell to Granville, 4 May 1872 and 23 Oct. 1872. The second reply from Russell at Berlin was favourable but by that time Frere's agitation and the appointment of the Frere Mission had changed the whole nature of the British request (Thornton, to Granville, , 28 10 1872Google Scholar; Murray, to Granville, , 12 07 1872).Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Martineau, J.The Life and Correspondence of Sir Barile Frere, 1, 54–5.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Ibid. I, especially pp. 91–111 and 416–31.

⁹⁰ Frere later warned Granville of the danger of an agitation about Abyssinia which he said might have occurred earlier had a certain traveller who returned from there ‘known better how to work the press and had come while Parliament was sitting’. Frere himself evidently knew of these techniques (P.R.O. 30/29/103, Frere, to Granville, , 24 12 1872).Google Scholar

⁹¹ India Office MSS. Eur. M. 67, Frere to Palgrave, 31 Aug. 1868.

⁹² Anti-Slavery Reporter, June and July numbers, 1868.

⁹³ Ibid. May 1870.

⁹⁴ MSS. Eur. C. 144/2/9, Frere to Kaye, 12 June 1874.

⁹⁵ Tracts on Slavery, ‘Speech by the Duke of Argyll at a meeting of the National Committee of the Freed Men's Aid Society’, 17 May 1865. Also the Daily News leader, 1 Nov. 1872.

⁹⁶ Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 July 1872, Frere, to meeting at Friends' Meeting House, 29 05 1872.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 July 1872, Frere's speech to meeting at Friends' Meeting House, 29 May 1872.

⁹⁸ Anti-Slavery Reporter, 30 March 1872.

⁹⁹ Ibid. 1 July 1873.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid. 1 Oct. 1872.

¹⁰¹ Ibid. 1 April 1873.

¹⁰² Ibid. 30 March 1872.

¹⁰³ Ibid. 1 July 1872.

¹⁰⁴ The Times, 25 July 1872, p. 9 col. e.

¹⁰⁵ Ibid. 22 May 1871, p. II, col. c.

¹⁰⁶ Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 Oct. 1872.

¹⁰⁷ B.M. Add. MSS. 44640, fo. 177.

¹⁰⁸ F.O. 84/1386, Treasuryto Foreign Office, 12 Aug. 1872, minute by Wylde, 17 Aug. 1872, and Granville's minute on this.

¹⁰⁹ F.O. 84/1386, Minute by Wylde, 26 Sept. 1872.

¹¹⁰ F.O. 84/1385, Frere's instructions.

¹¹¹ P.R.O. 30/29/103, Frere to Granville, 26 Aug. 1872.

¹¹² India Office MSS. Argyll Papers, Frere to Argyll, 2 Sept. 1872.

¹¹³ P.R.O. 30/29/59, Argyll to Granville, 21 Oct. 1872.

¹¹⁴ Argyll Papers, Frere to Argyll, 3 Sept. 1872.

¹¹⁵ India Office MSS. Eur. C. 2/9, Argyll to Northbrook, 12 Oct. 1872.

¹¹⁶ Ibid., Frere to Northbrook, 15 Nov. 1872.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., Northbrook to Argyll, 3 Nov. 1872.

¹¹⁸ Ibid., Northbrook to Argyll, 14 Nov. 1872.

¹¹⁹ B.M. Add. MSS. 44302, Monsell, to Gladstone, , 22 09 1872Google Scholar, Gladstone, to Lowe, , 29 09 1872Google Scholar, Lowe, to Gladstone, , 29 09 1872Google Scholar, Gladstone, to Lowe, , 24 and 29 10 1872Google Scholar, Lowe, to Gladstone, , 28 10 1872.Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 Jan. 1873; Martineau, J., op. cit. II, 113.Google Scholar

¹²¹ Badger papers, 2910, fo. I, cuttings from newspapers.

¹²² Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 July 1871, quoting newspaper reports. The Reporter was most dissatisfied with the attitude of the press.

¹²³ Badger Papers 2910, fo. I, cutting from The Times, 5 Nov. 1872. On 8 November Rawlinson wrote to Northbrook wondering what he would think of the ‘hubbub about the African Slave Trade’ (Eur. MSS. C. 144/2/20).

¹²⁴ Anti-Slavery Reporter, January, April and July numbers, 1873. Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 Oct. 1873, Frere's address to a meeting at Exeter Hall, 8 July 1873.

¹²⁵ P.R.O. 30/29/103, Frere, to Granville, , 1 02 1873.Google Scholar

¹²⁶ P.R.O. 30/29/103, Frere to Granville, 13 March 1873. This is on Frere's authority and is therefore suspect in view of the fact that Frere habitually wrote partly to inform but mainly to convince. Frere, too, doubted the British government's sincerity.

¹²⁷ Coupland, R., The Exploitation of East Africa, 192–6.Google Scholar

¹²⁸ P.R.O. 30/29/103, Frere to Granville, 12 Feb. 1873.

¹²⁹ Barghash, who was an ambitious man, had his eye on the Sultanate of Masqaṭ where the free-thinking Sultan Turkī was having trouble with the Mutawwa's. This was why he turned toward the Mutawwa's once more and was no doubt the reason for his visit to Mecca where he could meet the men from ‘Umān on neutral ground. The British would never have permitted him to visit Masqaṭ itself (ISL, no. 47 of 22 March 1873, enclosure 2, Kirk, to Wedderburn, , 1 01 1872).Google Scholar

¹³⁰ P.R.O. 30/29/73, Granville's memorandum on Frere's action, 29 April 1873. Coupland, op. cit. 199–200.

¹³¹ ISL, no. 182 of 9 Oct. 1873, Kirk to government of India, 23 P of 31 May 1873.

¹³² A. Ramm, Correspondence of Lord Granville, Camden Series, II, no. 783.

¹³³ Ramm, , op. cit. II, no. 785.Google Scholar The latitude given to Frere was intended only to cover his negotiations with the Sultan. But once a government begins to abdicate responsibility as the Liberal government had consistently done throughout these negotiations a certain degree of insubordination by its agents is inevitable.

¹³⁴ Coupland, , op. cit. 207.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Ramm, , op. cit. II, 382Google Scholar; B.M. Add. MSS. 44641, order for Cabinet meeting on instructions to Frere, 26 Aprii, io May 1873, Granville refers to proceedings of Cabinet Committee, 14 May 1873 note of decision to coerce Sultan.

¹³⁶ Coupland, , op. cit. 209–11.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Ibid. op. cit. 201.

¹³⁸ Aitchison's Treaties, 9, 271.

¹³⁹ Anti-Slavery Reporter, 1 Dec. 1868; India Office, Political Correspondence Miscellaneous, 1865–74, C.M.S. Memorial to Argyll, , 16 02 1869.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Northbrook, Aitchison and Argyll distrusted ‘theorists’. MSS. Eur. C. 144/2/20, Northbrook to Argyll, 10 June 1872, on theories of a Muslim conspiracy in India. MSS. Eur. C. 144/2/9, Northbrook to Argyll, 2 Jan. 1874, enclosing Aitchison's answer, 30 Dec. 1873, to Badger's memorandum on Turk expansion. Argyll said that Frere was ‘full of theories’ and ‘not very practical’ (P.R.O. 30/29/59, Argyll, to Granville, , 13 08 1872).Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ ISL, no. 55 of 16 June 1873, enclosure 5, Frere, to Granville, , 18 01 1873Google Scholar (Frere's letters from Aden to Elliott at the Porte, to Northbrook in India, and to Granville in England really brought home the danger of the Turk moves). See above. A meeting was held at the Foreign Office in June 1874 at which the limits of the British sphere were generally denned (India Office, Red Sea and Somali Coast Confidential Prints, 1, 55).

¹⁴² F.O. 78/2755, Derby to Locock, no. 100 of 30 April 1874. The dispatch said that the Turkish appeal to national and religious sympathies as a pretext for extending their rule over all Arabia would, if carried to its logical conclusion, have an effect on the integrity of the Turkish empire elsewhere, particularly in the Balkans, which the Porte could not have sufficiently contemplated. Rawlinson said that it was the strongest dispatch he had seen for years (India Office MSS. Eur. C. 144/2/20, Rawlinson to Northbrook, 27 March and 27 April 1874).