Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T05:01:49.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Calthorpe Family and Birmingham, 1810–1910: A ‘Conservative Interest’ Examined1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

David Cannadine
David Cannadine
Affiliation:
St John's College, Cambridge
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In the provincial cities the existence of protected estates like the Calthorpe Estate, which owned and managed Edgbaston in Birmingham, had a strategic influence on the whole development of the city. The owners of such estates, served by solicitors, and themselves serving as patrons of urban parishes, governors of grammar schools and presidents of charitable associations, often provided the backbone of a ‘conservative interest’ in cities whose flavour was essentially radical (Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities, p. 38).

Type
Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , December 1975 , pp. 725 - 760
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1975

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

I am grateful to Dr D. E. D. Beales, Professor Lawrence Stone and my research supervisor, Professor Peter Mathias, for their comments on earlier drafts of this article. The two major manuscript sources on which it rests are the Calthorpe family papers in the Hampshire County Record Office, Winchester (hereafter referred to as H.R.O. Cal. MS), and the Edgbaston Estate papers in the Edgbaston Estate Office, Birmingham (hereafter E.E.O. MS). I am most grateful to Brigadier Sir Richard A.-G.-Calthorpe for his kind permission to let me consult these collections. I have also used the Joseph Chamberlain papers in the main library of Birmingham University (hereafter J.C. MS) and the Birmingham University Manuscript Collection (hereafter B.U.C. MS), and looked at papers in the possession of the Birmingham Botanical and Horticultural Society (hereafter B.B.H.S. MS), the Birmingham General Hospital (hereafter B.G.H. MS), the Birmingham and Midland Institute (hereafter B.M.I. MS), and the Foundation of the Schools of King Edward the Sixth in Birmingham (hereafter F.G.S.K.E. MS). I would like to thank the officers of all these organizations for their help.

References

2 For the most recent list, see David Spring, ‘English Landowners and Nineteenth-Century Industrialism’, in Ward, J. T. and Wilson, R. G. (eds.), Land and Industry: The Landed Estate and the Industrial Revolution (Newton Abbot, 1971), pp. 39–40, 42–Google Scholar 3. For the towns of Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and London, see the maps in Kellett, J. R., The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London, 1969), pp. 127, 151, 176, 209, 246.Google Scholar

3 For Bloomsbury and the Bedfords, see Olsen, Donald J., Town Planning in London: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London/New Haven, 1964)Google Scholar. No study of Belgravia has yet been written from the standpoint of its landowners, but there is much valuable information contained in Hermione Hobhouse, Thomas Cubitt, Master Builder (London, 1971)Google Scholar, chs. VII–VIII. For the role of the landowners in the development of one London suburb, see Dyos, H. J., Victorian Suburb: A Study of the Growth of Camberwell (Leicester, 1961), pp. 39–49.Google Scholar

4 Cherry, G. E., Urban Change and Planning: A History of Urban Development in Britain Since 1750 (Henley-on-Thames, 1972), pp. 65–8.Google Scholar

5 Lee, J. M., ‘Modern Stamford’, in Rogers, Alan (ed.), The Making of Stamford (Leicester, 1965). PP. 91–104Google Scholar

6 Townend, P. (ed.), Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage (105th ed., London. 1970). pp. 227Google Scholar, 776–7, 798, 844, 1021, 1979. See also Rickword, George and Gaskell, William, Staffordshire Leaders, Social and Political (London, 1907), pp. 151–2Google Scholar, and Churchill, Randolph S., Lord Derby: King of Lancashire (London, 1958), pp. 129–30.Google Scholar

7 Ibid. p. 131.

8 Gill, Conrad and Briggs, Asa, The History of Birmingham (2 vols., Oxford, 1952), 1, 217–8; 11, 175–9Google Scholar; W. B. Stephens (ed.), A History of the County of Warwick, vol. VII, The City of Birmingham (London, 1964), pp. 304, 312 (hereafter abbreviated to V.C.H., vii).Google ScholarPubMed

9 Vincent, J. R. and Stenton, M. (eds.), McCalmont's Parliamentary Pott Book, 1832-1918 (London, 1971), pt. 1, pp. 23–4.Google Scholar

10 Garvin, J. L. and Amery, Julian, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain (6 vols., London, 1939–1962), 1. 98–9. 392.Google Scholar

11 Hutton, W., History of Birmingham (6th ed., Birmingham, 1835), pp. 443–5.Google Scholar

12 Gill and Briggs, History of Birmingham.

13 See the map at the end of vol. 1 of Sandford, J. L. and Townsend, M. E., The Great Governing Families of England (2 vols., London, 1865).Google Scholar

14 Kellett, , Impact of Railways, pp. 132–3.Google Scholar

15 Raybould, T. J., ‘The Development and Organisation of Lord Dudley's Mineral Estates’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., xxi, 3 (1968), 534Google Scholar; R. W. Sturgess, ‘Landowners, Mining and Urban Development in Nineteenth-Century Staffordshire’, in Ward, and Wilson, , Land and Industry, pp. 184–5, 188. 191.Google Scholar

16 Langford, J. A., A Century of Birmingham Life (2 vols., Birmingham, 1868), 11, 132.Google Scholar

17 Ibid. p. 221.

18 Dent, R. K., The Maying of Birmingham (Birmingham, 1894), P. 389.Google Scholar

19 Samuel Garbett to Matthew Boulton, 8 June 1785, quoted in Money, J., ‘Public Opinion in the West Midlands, 1760–1793 ’, (Cambridge Univ. Ph.D. thesis, 1967), p. 132. Garbetta's underlining.Google Scholar

20 Robinson, Eric, ‘Matthew Boulton and the Art of Parliamentary Lobbying’, Historical Journal, VII, 2 (1964), 220–1, 225–9.Google Scholar

21 E.E.O. MS, Release of the Manor of Edgbaston in the County of Warwick, 16 Apr. 1717; Birmingham Reference Library MS (hereafter B.R.L. MS) 252037, Conveyance deed, 10 July 1717.

22 For the Goughs' ancestr', see Shaw, S., The History and Antiquities of Staffordshire (2 vols., London, 1798–1801), 11, 188–90.Google Scholar

23 For the Calthorpes' ancestry, see Calthrop, C. W. C., Notes on the Families of Calthorpe and Calthrop in the Counties of Norfolk and Lincolnshire (London, 1905), passim.Google Scholar

24 V.C.H., VII, map facing p. 1; E.E.O. MS, Account books.

25 E.E.O. MS, Box 11, Perry Hall Estates: Deed of Settlement, 25 Apr. 1848, p. 7.

26 In 1910, on the death of Augustus, sixth Lord Calthorpe, he having at that time no direct male heir, all the family property passed to his eldest daughter, the Hon. Rachel Lloyd-Anstruther (who changed her surname to Anstruther-Gough-Calthorpe in Nov. 1910), while the title went to Augustus's only surviving brother, Somerset Gough-Calthorpe, who thus remained marooned at Perry. In 1921 and 1928 his successor sold the estates to Birmingham corporation, thereby ending for good the family's residential links with the Midlands. (Birmingham Mail, 5 an. 1973; B.R.L. MS 350629, Perry Sale catalogue for auction, 14 and 15 Mar. 1928).

27 E.E.O. MS, Account books.

28 I hope to present a much fuller picture of the career of George, third Lord Calthorpe, in a forthcoming article.

29 Gill, and Briggs, , History of Birmingham, I, 157–99; V.C.H., VII, 9.Google Scholar

30 Morris, R. J., ‘The Organisation and Aims of the Principal Secular Voluntary Societies of the Leeds Middle Class, 1830–1851’, (Oxford Univ. D.Phil, thesis, 1970), pp. 4–75. (Hereafter cited as ‘Morris, thesis’.)Google Scholar

31 H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/161, Harris to Calthorpe, 4 July 1814; E.E.O. MS, Box i, Calthorpe to Harris, 8 July 1814; Hutton, , History of Birmingham, p. 356Google Scholar; Dent, R. K., Old and New Birmingham (Birmingham, 1880), p. 366.Google Scholar

32 B.B.H.S. MS, Committee Minute Book, 17 July 1829 to 20 June 1836, pp. 2–7.

33 3 H. R. O. Cal. MS F/C/1202, Darwall, F. to Calthorpe, , 24 July 1829.Google Scholar

34 B.B.H.S. MS, Committee Minute Book, 17 July 1829 to 20 June 1836, pp. 8–9; Langford, Birmingham Life, 11, 481, 489–90.

35 B.B.H.S. MS, Original Subscribers' List, 1830.

36 B.B.H.S. MS, Committee Minute Book, 17 July 1829 to 20 June 1836, pp. 20–1.

37 Ibid. pp. 29–30.

38 Morris, thesis, pp. 393–4.

39 B.B.H.S. MS, Committee Minute Book, 17 July 1829 to 20 June 1836, p. 30.

40 E.E.O. MS, Parcel 5, E. Burn to Calthorpe, 13 July 1822; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/330, Spooner, W. to Calthorpe, , 26 Sept. 1821Google Scholar; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/715, Burn, E. to Calthorpe, , 12 Aug. 1823Google Scholar; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/802, Knuttesford, J. F. to Calthorpe, , 18 Feb. 1824.Google Scholar

41 E.E.O. MS, Box 1, Harris, to Calthorpe, , 3 Dec. 1827.Google Scholar

42 E.E.O. MS, Box 4, Calthorpe, to Harris, , 26 Apr. 1827.Google Scholar

43 E.E.O. MS, Box 5, Calthorpe to MDr Davis, 24 Aug. 1828.

44 E.E.O. MS, Box 5, Calthorpe, to Harris, , 18 Nov. 1828Google Scholar; E.E.O. MS, Box 5, Calthorpe, to Harris, , 9 Jan. 1829.Google Scholar

45 Quoted in Asa Briggs, ‘The Background of the Parliamentary Reform Movement in Three English Cities (1830–2)’, Cambridge Historical Journal, x, 3 (1952), 295, note 8; V.C.H., vii, 290.Google Scholar

46 V.C.H., VII, 291; Langford, , Birmingham Life, 11, 436Google Scholar; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/256, Bedford, J. to Calthorpe, , 9 Nov. 1820.Google Scholar

47 Quoted in V.C.H., VII, 291.

48 The evidence to support this view of Lord Calthorpe will be provided in my forthcoming article.

49 For requests to petition, see Langford, , Birmingham Life, 11, 358Google Scholar, 455, 464, 471; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/812, Vale, J. to Calthorpe, , 7 Apr. 1824Google Scholar; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/1014, Birmingham Chamber of Commerce to Calthorpe, 14 Nov. (1824); H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/894, J. Inmuch to Calthorpe, 23 Apr. 1825; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/896, T. Lee et al. to Calthorpe, 16 May 1825; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/1035, T. MacDowell to Calthorpe, 13 Mar. 1827; E.E.O. MS, Box 1, copy of Resolution of Town Meeting, 22 June 1827; H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/1123, T. Lee to Calthorpe, 14 Feb. 1828. Those where the presentation in the Lords is recorded are marked with an asterisk. See Hansard, new series, 1820, 1, 388; ibid. 1825, xm, 149; ibid. 1825, xiii, 651; ibid. 1826, xv, 293; ibid. 1829, xx, 938; ibid. 1829, xxi, 1273; Hansard, third series, 1831, in, 326.

50 Hansard, new series, 1821, iv, 350, 360; ibid., 1830, xxiv, 1131–2; Hansard, third series, 1831, 11, 547–8.

51 H.R.O. Cal. MS F/C/1161, Harris, to Calthorpe, , 4 July 1814.Google Scholar

52 John Welchman Whateley, 1792–1874. Biographical details in this paragraph are from his obituary notice in the Birmingham Daily Post, 19 Dec. 1874.

53 Hutton, T. W., King Edward's School, Birmingham, 1552–1952 (Oxford, 1952), p. 36.Google Scholar

54 E.E.O. MS, Box 4, Calthorpe, to Harris, , 16 Nov. 1830.Google Scholar

55 Hansard, new series, 1830, xxiv, 1132.

56 E.E.O. MS, Box i, Pocket book Report on Birmingham Workhouse and the Free Grammar School (c. 1830), p. 1 of school report.

57 H.R.O. Cal. MS, Box 30, Phipson, J. to Calthorpe, , 13 Oct. 1826.Google Scholar

58 Quoted in Briggs, op. cit., Cambridge Historical Journal, x, 3 (1952), 301. My forthcoming article will include a detailed examination of Lord Calthorpe's attitude towards the Reform bill crisis.Google Scholar

59 Langford, , Birmingham Life, 11, 546.Google Scholar

60 Ibid. 571, 581.

61 Dent, , Old and New Birmingham, pp. 451–2Google Scholar; Gill, and Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 1, 218.Google Scholar

62 Dent, , Old and New Birmingham, p. 452.Google Scholar

63 Dent, , Making of Birmingham, p. 407.Google Scholar

64 Langford, , Birmingham Life, II, 571.Google Scholar

65 Gill, and Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 1, 223–38, 254–61, is the best account.Google Scholar

66 Bunce, J. T., The History of Birmingham Corporation (Birmingham, 1878–1885), 1, 123.Google Scholar

67 Gill, and Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 1, 255.Google Scholar

68 Bunce, , History of Birmingham Corporation, 1, 266–7.Google Scholar

69 Langford, J. A., Modern Birmingham and its Institutions (2 vols., Birmingham, 1873–1877), 1, 261, 269–70.Google Scholar

70 Quoted in Bunce, , History of Birmingham Corporation, 1, 261.Google Scholar

71 Langford, , Birmingham Life, 11, 580.Google Scholar

72 B.B.H.S., A Brief Summary of its History, its Finances and its present Position, together with some account of the New Glass Houses and a Moral (Birmingham, 1885), p. 4.Google Scholar

73 Langford, , Modern Birmingham, 11, 176; B.G.H. MS, Annual Report, 1844–5.Google Scholar

74 B.B.H.S., Brief Summary, pp. 5–6; B.B.H.S. MS, Committee Minute Book, August 1836 – July 1846, Report of Special Committee Meeting, 4 Sept. 1844.

75 Langford, , Birmingham Life, 11, 516.Google Scholar

76 E.E.O. MS, Box 1, Harris, to Calthorpe, , 4 Jan. 1833.Google Scholar

77 Gill, and Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 1, 319–62.Google Scholar

78 Frederick Gough-Calthorpe, fourth Lord Calthorpe: born 1790; succeeded to Perry estates on the death of John Gough in 1844; discontinued in 1845 by royal license, for himself only, the surname of Calthorpe, and took the arms and surname of Gough; died 1868.

79 E.E.O. MS, Box 4, Memorial to Lord Calthorpe, 3 Dec. 1851.

80 E.E.O. MS, Parcel 3, Address from the Inhabitants of Birmingham and Others to the Rt. Hon. the Lord Calthorpe, 1862. The subsequent quotation is also from this document.

81 E.E.O. MS, Box 8, Perry Subscriptions, 1860.

82 E.E.O. MS, Account books, Lord Calthorpe's subscriptions, 4 Oct. 1851 – 27 Mar. 1852; 27 Mar. 1852 – 4 Oct. 1852. This leaves out the £100 still returned to the Botanical and Horticultural Society, and there may have been other irregular donations. But even allowing for this, the total subscription list was still certainly not very large.

83 E.E.O. MS, Account books.

84 Frederick Henry William Gough-Calthorpe, fifth Lord Calthorpe: eldest son of the fourth lord; born 1826; succeeded 1868; died unmarried 1893.

85 E.E.O. MS, Box 5, F.H.W.G.-Calthorpe, ‘Address to the Electors of East Worcestershire’, 24 Jan. 1859.

86 For his votes in favour of the abolition of church rate, see Hansard, third series: 1859, CLIII, 195; 1859, CLIV, 1183; 1860, CLVI, 683; 1861, CLXI, 1053; 1862, CLXVI, 1727, 1733; 1863, CLXX, 975; 1866, CLXXXI, 1691. For his votes in favour of the extension of the franchise, see Hansard, third series: 1859, CLIII, 1259; 1861, CLXII, 410; 1865, CLXXVIII, 1706; 1866, CLXXXIII, 152; 1866, CLXXXIV, 639.

87 That was in reply to the speech from the throne at the opening of parliament in 1863: Hansard, third series, 1863, CLXIX, 66–73.

88 Gill, and Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 1, 274–9Google Scholar, 410–36; Briggs, Asa, Victorian Cities (rev. ed., Harmondsworth, 1968), pp. 209–13.Google Scholar

89 Clark, G. Kitson, The Making of Victorian England (London, 1962), pp. 288–9Google Scholar; Vincent, John, The Formation of the Liberal Party, 1857–1868 (London, 1966), p. 213.Google Scholar

90 Hennock, E. P., ‘Finance and Politics in Urban Local Government in England, 1835–1900’, Historical Journal, vi, 2 (1963), 217–23.Google Scholar

91 Idem, ‘The Social Composition of Borough Councils in Two Large Cities’, in Dyos, H. J. (ed.), The Study of Urban History (London, 1968), p. 322.Google Scholar

92 Anderton, T., A Tale of One City (Birmingham, 1900)Google Scholar, p. 6. Quoted in Hennock, E. P., Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth-Century Urban Government (London, 1973). P. 65.Google Scholar

93 Briggs, , Victorian Cities, pp. 54–5.Google Scholar

94 Ragg, T., Scenes and Sketches from Life and Nature (London, 1847), pp. 128, 130.Google Scholar

95 B.B.H.S., Brief Summary, p. 6. 9S B.R.L. MS, H. J. Everson, ‘Miscellaneous Notes for a History of Edgbaston’, p. 98.

97 Ibid. p. 59.

98 Kelly's Directory of Birmingham, 1894 (Birmingham, 1894), p. 13.Google Scholar

99 House of Lords Record Office, Minutes of House of Commons Select Committee on Birmingham Improvement Bill, 10 May, 1861, p. 27.

100 Langford, , Modern Birmingham, 1, 411; 11, 206.Google Scholar

101 F.G.S.K.E. MS, Register of Meetings called and held, and by whom attended: 1797–1878, pp. 17–9. (Hereafter cited as ‘Register’.)

102 B.M.I. MS, Minute Book, vol. 1, p. 418, record of annual general meeting 8 Jan. 1855; B.G.H. MS, Annual Reports, 1845–61.

103 F.G.S.K.E. MS, Register, 25 Mar. 1847–31 Dec. 1863.

104 B.G.H. MS, Board of Governors Minute Books, 1844–61.

105 Waterhouse, R. E., The Birmingham and Midland Institute, 1854–1954 (Birmingham, 1954), pp. 11–13.Google Scholar

106 B.M.I. MS, Minute Book, vol. 1, p. 13, record of public meeting held on 10 Jan. 1853.

107 Ibid. p. 18.

108 Ibid. p. 18.

109 Gill, and Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 1, 415.Google Scholar

110 Ibid. p. 422.

111 Dent, , Old & New Birmingham, p. 504. For the original draft outlining conditions, see E.E.O. MS, Box 1. Edwards to Council, 15 Mar. 1856.Google Scholar

112 Birmingham Journal, 3 June 1857; Dent, , Making of Birmingham, p. 485.Google Scholar

113 E.E.O. MS, Parcel 2, Isaac Spooner and Barbara Gough, Marriage Settlement, 6 Jan. 1770; Edgbaslonia, June 1883, p. 85; E.E.O. MS, Box 2, List of Perry Trustees, 1864; Langford, , Modern Birmingham, 11, 266–72Google Scholar, reproducing obituary notice of Spooner, Richard from Birmingham Journal, 26 Nov. 1864.Google Scholar

114 F.G.S.K.E. MS, Register, pp. 21–2, 34; B.G.H. MS, Annual Reports, 1844–64; Langford, , Modern Birmingham, 1, 428.Google Scholar

115 F.G.S.K.E. MS, Register, p. 34; Everson, , ‘Miscellaneous Notes’, pp. 32–55.Google Scholar

116 Sir William Dugdale, Antiquities of Warwickshire, reprint of the part relating to Birmingham and Aston, wirh notes and additions by W. F. Carter (Birmingham, 1891), p. 59.

117 Birmingham Daily Post, 19 Dec. 1874.

118 House of Lords Record Office, Minutes of House of Commons Select Committee on Birmingham Improvement Bill, 7 May 1861, p. 1.

119 Quoted in Briggs, , Victorian Cities, p. 198.Google Scholar

120 As well as the Birmingham Address, he also received ‘An Address to the Rt. Hon. Lord Calthorpe from the Inhabitants of Perry Barr’, E.E.O. MS Parcel 6, Mar. 1862.

121 F.G.S.K.E. MS, Governors Order Book, 1862–6, p. 318; B.G.H. MS, Board of Governors Minute Books, 1861–8.

122 Everson, , ‘Miscellaneous Notes’, pp. 79–81Google Scholar. E.E.O. MS, Box 7, Calthorpe, to Edwards, J., 9 Jan. 1885, 7 Nov. 1886.Google Scholar

123 Augustus Cholmondeley Gough-Calthorpe, sixth Lord Calthorpe: younger brother of the fifth lord; born 1829; succeeded his late brother 1893; died 1910; unlike the fifth lord, a Conservative. Birmingham Daily Mail, obituary notice, 23 July, 1910.

124 E.g. the misleading valuation given in Bateman, J., The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland (4th ed., London, 1883), p. 72.Google Scholar

125 Birmingham Daily Gazette, 1 Oct. 1862; Bunce, , History of Birmingham Corporation, 11, 195–7.Google Scholar

126 E.E.O. MS, Box 6, Whateley and Whateley to Town Clerk, 23 May 1870.

127 The Town Crier, Sept. 1870.

128 Birmingham Daily Gazette, 5 July 1870.

129 Ibid. 21 Sept. 1870. All subsequent quotations in this paragraph are from rhat source.

130 The Town Crier, Sept. 1870, ‘Jacob’, ‘A Letter to a Lord’, for all subsequent quotations in this paragraph.

131 E.E.O. MS, Box 6, J. Edwards to Chairman, Baths and Parks Committee, 10 Jan. 1871; Borough Surveyor to J. Edwards, 28 Apr. 1871.

132 Hennock, , Fit and Proper Persons, pp. 34–5, 56, 61–2, 129.Google Scholar

133 Briggs, , Victorian Cities, pp. 219Google Scholar, 227; Gill, & Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 11, 90.Google Scholar

134 Chamberlain, Joseph, Speech to the Town Council, Birmingham Daily Post, 10 Nov. 1875Google Scholar. Quoted in Hennock, , Fit and Proper Persons, p. 143.Google Scholar

135 E.E.O. MS, Box 8, Subscription list of fifth Lord Calthorpe.

136 Quoted in Hennock, , Fit and Proper Persons, p. 174.Google Scholar

137 Garvin, and Amery, , Life of Chamberlain, vi, 899.Google Scholar

138 J.C. MS 4/5, p. 57, Joseph Chamberlain, Speeches on the occasion of his departure from Birmingham to Westminster, 2 and 9 Nov. 1876; Garvin, and Amery, , Life of Chamberlain, 1, 211Google Scholar. See also Hennock, Fit and Proper Persons, pp. 170–4.

139 Gill, & Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 11, 175–7.Google Scholar

140 Wright, T., The Life of Colonel Fred Burnaby (London, 1908), p. vii.Google Scholar

141 B.R.L. MS, Osborne, G. H., ‘Newspaper Cuttings of Birmingham Elections, 1873–88’, p. 29, extract, Birmingham Daily Post, 28 Oct. 1879.Google Scholar

142 Ibid. p. 1, extract, Birmingham Daily Mail, 12 Dec. 1878.

143 Ibid. p. 12A, extract, The Town Crier, Jan. 1879, ‘Jacob’ to the Hon. Mr. A. C. G. Calchorpe.

144 E.E.O. MS, Parcel 6, J. Wright to Lord Calthorpe, undated letter accompanying town address, 1862.

145 Osborne, ‘Newspaper Cuttings’, p. 18, extract, The Dart, 6 Dec. 1879.

146 Ibid. p. 16, extract, The Town Crier, May 1879.

147 Birmingham Daily Gazette, 24 Dec. 1878.

148 B.R.L. MS, Sir J. B. Stone, Newspaper Cuttings Collection, vol. xxi, Conservative party election poster.

149 Ibid. vol. XII, p. 87, Birmingham Daily Gazette, extract, 30 Mar. 1880.

150 Birmingham Daily Gazette, 16 Mar. 1880; J.C. MS 4/3, p. 103, speech by Chamberlain, , 23 Mar. 1880.Google Scholar

151 J.C. MS 5/16/93, Chamberlain, to Collings, , 9 Apr. 1880Google Scholar; J.C. MS 5/16/92, Chamberlain, to Collings, , 28 Mar. 1880.Google Scholar

152 Birmingham Daily Gazette, 22 Mar. 1880.

153 ibid. 18 Mar. 1880; 23 Mar. 1880.

1454 J.C. MS 4/3, p. 93, speech by Chamberlain, , 18 Mar. 1880, Birmingham Daily Gazette, 19 Mar. 1880.Google Scholar

155 Osborne, , ‘Newspaper Cuttings’, p. 32, extract from The Owl, 25 Mar. 1880.Google Scholar

156 Birmingham Daily Gazette, 31 Mar. 1880.

157 J.C. MS 4/3/113, extract, Birmingham Daily Gazette, 31 Mar. 1880.

158 Briggs, , Victorian Cities, p. 205; Birmingham Conservative Association Annual Reports, 1878–93.Google Scholar

159 E.E.O. MS, Box 7, Calthorpe, to Balden, , 17 May 1906, 24 May 1906, 6 June 1906.Google Scholar

160 E.E.O. MS, Box 2, Calthorpe, to Milward, , 11 July 1894Google Scholar; Vince, C. A., History of the Corporation of Birmingham (Birmingham, 1902), III, 157. Augustus' son, the Hon. Walter, died unmarried in 1906.Google Scholar

161 Birmingham Daily Post, 23 July 1910, obituary notice of Lord Calthorpe.

162 E.E.O. MS, Lease Book 7, p. 207, record of agreement, 24 Oct. 1898; E.E.O. MS, Box 7, Calthorpe, to Balden, , 15 Dec. 1905.Google Scholar

163 E.E.O. MS, Box 7, List of Late Lord Calthorpe's subscriptions, 1910.

164 Birmingham Daily Post, 23 July 1910, obituary notice.

165 Somerset John Gough-Calthorpe, seventh Lord Calthorpe: younger brother of the sixth Lord; born 1831; succeeded his late brother 1910; died 1912. Birmingham Daily Mail, 18 Nov. 1912, obituary notice. Woodlands Vale was his Isle of Wight home.

166 Waterhouse, Birmingham and Midland Institute, pp. 183–4.

167 F.G.S.K.E. MS, List of Governors, 1885.

168 B.B.H.S. MS, Illustrated Description of Botanical Gardens, 1910.

169 Vincent, E. W. and Hinton, P., The University of Birmingham: its History and Significance (Birmingham, 1947), pp. 17–18Google Scholar; J.C. MS 12/1/1/26, Charter, Royal, 1 Mar. 1900, pp. 7–8; B.U.C. MS i2/iii/4, Appeal List 1898; 12/iv/3, Guest List for Opening, 7 July 1909.Google Scholar

170 B.U.C. MS 4/iii/6, Minutes of Canvassing Sub-Committee 1898–9, pp. 36–9; 4/ui/y, Minutes of Finance Sub-Committee 1899–1900, pp. 1–2; 4/iii/8, Minutes of Management Sub-Committee 1898–9, p. 2; 4/iii/9, Minutes of Executive Committee, pp. 2–4.

171 B.U.C. MS 4/iii/12, List of Donations, June–Oct. 1898; 12/iii/4, Appeal, 1898.

172 Vincent, and Hinton, , University of Birmingham, p. 78.Google Scholar

173 Ibid. pp. 33–7; Garvin, and Amery, , Life of Chamberlain, iv, 217–18.Google Scholar

174 J.C. MS 12/1/1/32, Calthorpe, ro Chamberlain, , 11 July 1900Google Scholar; B.U.C. MS 1/i/3/1, Chamberlain, to Calthorpe, , 12 July 1900Google Scholar. The conveyance is recorded in E.E.O. MS Lease Book 7, pp. 235–6, 1 Oct. 1900. Balden to the Vice-Chancellor, 28 Nov. 1907, reprinted in Vincent, and Hinton, , University of Birmingham, p. 85. The deed of conveyance is E.E.O. MS, Lease Book 8, pp. 79–80, 7 Jan. 1908.Google Scholar

175 Birmingham Daily Post, 18 July 1900.

176 B.U.C. MS 1/i/3/1, Chamberlain, to Calthorpe, , 12 July 1900.Google Scholar

177 Birmingham Daily Post, 18 July 1900; Birmingham Daily Gazette, 18 July 1900.

178 E.E.O. MS, Box 7, F.A.-G.-Calthorpe to Balden, , 9 Dec. 1911. Calthorpe's underlining.Google Scholar

179 E.E.O. MS, Box 7, F. Lloyd-Anstruther to Balden, , 5 Sept. 1910; Edgbaston Estate Agent's Monthly Edgbaston Minutes, 1913–18, 17 Mar. 1915.Google Scholar

180 In 1912 the seventh earl became chairman of the newly-amalgamated Conservative Midland Union and Midland Liberal Unionist Association (Gill, and Briggs, , History of Birmingham, 11, 190).Google Scholar

181 Plumb, J. H., The Growth of Political Stability in England, 1675–1725 (Harmondsworth, 1969), p. 10.Google Scholar