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THE BRITISH LUTHER COMMEMORATION OF 1883–1884 IN EUROPEAN CONTEXT*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2015

J. M. R. BENNETT
J. M. R. BENNETT*
Affiliation:
Christ Church, University of Oxford
*
Christ Church, St Aldate's, Oxford, ox1 1dp[email protected]
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Abstract

In 1883 and early 1884 the controversial commemoration of the four-hundredth birthday of Martin Luther, celebrated in Germany and worldwide, captured much British public attention. The examination of this celebration offered here will improve current understanding of late Victorian religious controversies and indicate their continuing centrality to a range of cultural and historical debates in the period. The commemoration invigorated historic antagonisms in the British religious landscape, yet it also did far more than this. The commemoration provided a platform for those who wanted to foster Protestant unity in the face of what was widely perceived to be a revived threat from ‘popery’ and religious indifference at home and abroad. Whereas some religious and not-very-religious commentators, often belonging to a younger generation, wanted closely to associate Luther's world-historical role with liberalizing intellectual and social progress, others – sceptics, Catholics, high Anglicans, older Protestants – resisted this. Arguments about Luther's life and teaching often became more broadly Victorian discussions of the family, Anglo-German affinities or antagonisms, and the nature of modernity. By relating themes in the study of modern religious history to current concerns in the history of historical writing, this article will point to wider lacunae in scholarly approaches to nineteenth-century culture.

Type
Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , June 2015 , pp. 543 - 564
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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Footnotes

*

I am grateful to Jane Garnett, Brian Young, and the Historical Journal's anonymous readers for their comments on earlier versions of this article.

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36 Record, 16 Nov. 1883, pp. 1145–6; M. Greschat, ‘Adolf Stoecker und der deutsche Protestantismus’, in Brakelmann, G., Greschat, M., and Jochmann, W., Protestantismus und Politik: Werk und Wirkung Adolf Stoeckers (Hamburg, 1982), pp. 19–83Google Scholar.

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61 As noted by W. Kaiser, ‘“Clericalism – that is our enemy!”: European anticlericalism and the culture wars’, and J. P. Parry, ‘Nonconformity, clericalism and “Englishness”: the United Kingdom’, in Clark and Kaiser, eds., Culture wars, pp. 47–76, 152–80. Fears of Romanizers, Ultramontanes, and the horrors of the confessional helped to drive the passage of the 1874 Public Worship Regulation Act and its subsequent enforcement: Bentley, Ritualism and politics, pp. 30–5, 75–9; M. Wellings, Evangelicals embattled: responses of evangelicals in the Church of England to ritualism, Darwinism and theological liberalism (Carlisle and Waynesboro, GA), pp. 40–51, 73–131.

62 Times, 14 Nov. 1883, p. 10.

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76 Oxford University Gazette, xiv (1883–4), 5 Nov. 1883, p. 85; Record, 16 Nov. 1883, p. 1147; compare Times, 12 Nov. 1883, p. 9.

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81 Glasgow Herald, 13 Nov. 1883, p. 5; Lindsay, Reformation, p. vi; R. S. Rait, rev. J. Kirk, ‘Lindsay, Thomas (1843–1914)’, ODNB.

82 Lindsay, Reformation, pp. 171–6.

83 Ibid., pp. v–vi, 3, 169–70.

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89 [Pearson], ‘Martin Luther’. The essay only alludes to Janssen, but he was certainly there: Porter, T. M., Karl Pearson: the scientific life in a statistical age (Princeton, NJ, and Oxford, 2004), pp. 91–105Google Scholar.

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94 Record, 16 Nov. 1883, p. 1149.

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96 Athenaeum, 27 Oct. 1883, pp. 530–1.