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1. Rome and The Elizabethan Catholics: A Question of Geography1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2010

John Bossy
John Bossy
Affiliation:
Goldsmiths' College, University of London
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Type
Communications
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , March 1964 , pp. 135 - 142
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1964

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References

2 Cf. Braudel, F., La Mediterranée et le Monde méditerranéen à I'époque de Philippe II (1949), 142–68Google Scholar.

3 Lechat, R., Let refugiés aniglais dans les Pays-bas espagnols durant le règne d/Elizabeth (Louvain, 1914), 21–51Google Scholar.

4 E.g. Guilday, P., The English Catholic Refugees on the Continent (1914), 285Google Scholar;Southern, A. C., Elizabethan Recusant Prose (London/Glasgow, 1950), 33 f., 539–41Google Scholar; C[alendar of] S[tate] P[apers,] Foreign, 1563, no. 1263.

5 Dictionary of] N[ational] B[iography], LIV, 429.

6 Description of route in Rowlands, R. (i.e. Richard Ventegan), The Pott to Divert Parti of the World (London, Thos. East, 1576), 10, 43 f., andGoogle ScholarDelumeau, J., Vie économique et sociale de Rome dam la deuxième moitié du XVIe siècle, I (1957). 39 f; cf. C[atholic] R[ecord] S[odety, vol.] LII, xxii, 219Google Scholar.

7 Reconstructed from C.S.P. Foreign, 1561-2, no. 6; C.S.P. Domestic, Addenda 1566-79, 488; C.S.P. Foreign, 1589, 364 f.; Devlin, J. C., Robert Southwell (1956), 97Google Scholar.

8 Devlin, loc. cit.; H. Foley, Records [of the English Province of the] S[ociety of] J[esut] (8 vols., 1877-83), VI, 575 5 C.S.P. Domestic, Addenda 1580-1625, 413; pilgrimages to Loretto, Archives départementales, Seine-Maritime (Rouen), G 2284 (1585), G 2301 (1612).

9 Lechat, , op. cit. 41, 45Google Scholar; cf. Stoye, J. W., English Travellers Abroad, 1604-1667 (1952), 288–91Google Scholar.

10 E.g. Nicholas Sanders (D.N.B.); Edmund Campion ( Waugh, Evelyn, Edmund Campion (1935), 60–77Google Scholar).

11 Cf. P. Vidal de la Blache, Tableau de la Géographie de la France ( Lavisse, E., Histoire de France, I, I, 1911), 57 ffGoogle Scholar.

12 [First and Second Diaries of the Englith College, Douay, ed. Knoz, T. F. (1878)]Google Scholar, Douai Diaries, 100, 112, 126.

13 Ibid. 105; Aveling, H., Pott-Reformation Catholicism in East Yorkshire (E. Yorks. Local History Society, 1960), 22Google Scholar; P.R.O., S.P. 12/266/109; and see below, n. 50, p. 142.

14 Two parties sent from Douai to Rome, 1577: one by the Rhine route, one by Lyon (Douai Diaries, 115, 1196, 122).

15 Lechat, , Let refugiét anglais, 98–114Google Scholar; Douai Diaries, 306.

16 Bossy, J. A., ‘Elizabethan Catholicism: the Link with France’ (Cambridge Ph.D. thesis, 1961), 30–143Google Scholar.

17 See the maps in Blache, Vidal de la, op. cit. 378, 379, 382Google Scholar.

18 August 1578, May, October 1579, January, April, June 1580, April 1582: Douai Diaries, 143, 153, 157, 160, 186; C.R.S. LIII, 208, XXXIX, xiii f.; Waugh, , Edmund Campion, 98Google Scholar.

19 May, July 1579, February 1580, January, December 1581: Douai Diaries, 153, 154, 161, 174, 183; c. 1582: P.R.O. S.P. 12/178/51; c. 1583: ibid. 193/46 i; 1585: H[istorical] M[anu-tcripts] C[ommution], Salisbury [MSS.,] III, 346; June-September 1387: Stonyhurst MSS., Anglia A i, fos. 72-80; September-October 1588: Autobiography of John Gerard, ed. P. Cara-man (1951) 7; November 1588: Douai Diaries, 221. Note the splitting up of the Campion-Parsons party, 1580: Waugh, loc. cit.

20 Bossy, , op. cit. 80Google Scholar; for one of them, Ralph Letherborough, a number of acts in Archives départementales, Seine-Maritime, E-Tabellionage rouennais: meubles, ière série, 1581-89. Cf. C.R.S. XXXIX, Xl, IXVIII, etc.

21 Dieppe: P.R.O. S.P. 12/138/31,164/45, 173/4.178/51,184/59. 192/46 i;C.S.P. Foreign, 1582, no. 75; CJI.S. XXXIX, 241; Southern, Elizabethan Recusant frost, 36. Rouen: C.S.P. Foreign, 1581-2, no. 550, 1583-4, no. 68. Le Tréport: Stone, L., Sir Horatio Pallavicino (Oxford, 1956), 328Google Scholar; Challoner, R., Memoirs of Missionary Priests, ed. Pollen, J. H. (1924) 1 172Google Scholar. Le Havre: C.S.P. Foreign, 1577-8, no. 83.

22 Fabre, F., ‘The English College at Eu, 1582-92’, Catholic Historical Review, XXXVII (1951), 257–80Google Scholar.

23 Vaillée, E., Histoire générale despostes françaises, II (1949), 91 f., 296 f.Google Scholar; maps in Lapeyre, H., Une famille de marchands: let Ruixs (1955), 194-5 andGoogle ScholarDelumeau, , Vie éecnomique et sociale de Rome, I, 40–1Google Scholar.

24 Details of post in [Letters and Memorials of William Cardinal Allen, ed. Knox, T. F. (1882)] Allen Letters, 187, 189, 190, 200, 208; Douai Diaries, 347-8; Westminster (Archbishopric) Archives, Main Series III, fo. 45. For exchange, through the Jesuits in Paris: Allen Letters, 164, 192, 201, 209, etc.; Douai Diaries, 349Google Scholar.

25 C.R.S. IX, 18, 20, Douai Diaries, 155; C.R.S. LIII, 206, 237 f.; Waugh, Edmund Campion, 89 ff. Other cases, mentioning only Lyon, Milan and Bologna: Douai Diaries, 150, 154, 339 f., 343, 190, 320 f.; Allen Letters, 168.

26 Autobiography of John Gerard, 6-7, 218 (August-September 1588); other probable cases: Douai Diaries, 193 (1583), 222 (1589), 233 (1590); P.R.O. S.P. 12/260/37 (1596). Route Reims-Lorraine in McCann, J.et al., Ampleforth and its Origins (1952), 108 fGoogle Scholar.

27 Bossy, , op. cit. 131–43Google Scholar.

28 See Parsons to Richard Barrett, Valladolid, 7 November 1590 (H.M.C. Salisbury, IV, 69).

29 Hicka, M. L., ‘Fr. Robert Persons, S.J., and the Seminaries in Spain’, parts u and III, The Month, CLVII (1931), 410–17, 497–506Google Scholar; Foley, , Records S.J., VI, 153 ff. (for ‘1583’ read ‘1589’); C.S.P. Domestic, 1591-4, 257. Picturesque description of a voyage Bilbao-Calais, December 1597, inGoogle ScholarLoornie, A. J., ‘Spain and the English Catholic Exiles, 1580-1604’ (London Ph.D. thesis, 1957), 271 fGoogle Scholar.

30 Hicks, , art. cit. parts IV and V, The Month, CLVIII, 26-35, 143–52Google Scholar, Loomie, , op. cit. 170–86Google Scholar.

31 Hicks, , art. cit. 28Google Scholar; Loomie, , op. cit. 270 (1595-6, 12 priests sent to England from Valla-dolid: 2 by Biscay ports, 8 by Andalusia, a uncertain)Google Scholar.

32 Compare, e.g., the 61-62 days for Parsons, Rome-London via Reims-Calais-Dover, April-June 1580 (C.R.S. XXXIX, xiii f.) with the 30-60 days given by Braudel for the (roughly equivalent) length of the Mediterranean (La Méaditerranée, 316-17) and the similar scale of magnitude for voyages from Livorno to northern ports in Braudel, F. and Romano, R., Navireset marchandisetdises á l'entrteé du port de Livourne, 1547-1611 (1951), 72–3Google Scholar; and with lodays Bilbao-Rouen, November 1590 (C.S.P. Domestic, Addenda 1580-1625, 311), 9 days for the passage Bilbao-Calais cited above, n. 29.

33 Stone, L., ‘Elizabethan Overseas Trade’, Economic History Review, 2nd series II (1949), 47–9Google Scholar; Loomie, , op. cit. 150–65Google Scholar.

34 C.R.S. XXX, 265; C.S.P. Domestic, 1591-94, 257; Loomie, , op. cit. 270Google Scholar.

35 C.R.S. XXX, arif. (England-Ireland-Bilbao, 1589); Loomie, , op. cit. 269–70 (Lisbon-England via Waterford)Google Scholar; 1595-6, émigreé carried from south-west coast, via Cork, to Spain: P.R.O. S.P. 12/266/109; H.M.C. Salisbury, VIH, 58; C.S.P. Domestic, 1595-97, 530.

36 Nantes/Rochelle, Feb. 1588, 1589= C.S.P. Foreign, 1586-8, 616; St Malo, 1590: P.R.O. S.P. 12/231/5; Morlaix, 1591: S.P. 78/23, fo. 163; St Malo, 1591: ibid. 24, fo. 61; Rochelle, 1592: B.M. Stowe MSS. 166, fo. I; Nantes, 1595: H.M.C. Salisbury, VIII, 183; Rochelle/Bordeaux, 1597: S.P. 78/39, fo. 121; Rochelle, 1597: ibid. 40, fo. 229; Nantes, 1598: H.M.C. Salisbury, VIII, 186; Rochelle'st Malo, 1599: S.P. 78/43, fo. 88; Rochelle, 1599: H.M.C. Salisbury, ix, 151; Rochelle, 1599: Memorials of Affairs of State in the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I, ed. E. Sawyer (1725), i, 65,126. Francis Naylor, émigré merchant at St Malo, arranges passages between England and Spain: Loomie, , op. cit. 308Google Scholar; Bib. de l'Institut de France, Coll. Godefroy, vol. 263, fo. 121.

37 C.R.S. LII, 115, 189, 204, 233, etc.; P.R.O. S.P. 78/42, fo. 265; C.R.S. X, 2, 3, 6; S.P. 12/275/69 (Flushing/Middelburg, 1593-1600); C.S.P. Domestic, 1591-4, 39 (Amsterdam, 1591)Google Scholar; Loomie, , op. cit. 268 (Amsterdam, 1591). 271 (Flushing/Middelburg, 1598)Google Scholar; Leatherbairow, J. S., The Lancashire Elizabethan Recusants (Chetham Society, 1947), 143 f.(Flushing, 1598-9). Possibly direct London-Antwerp: C.R.S. LII, 39, 44, 92, 94 (1592), 216 (1594); C.R.S. X, 35(1601)Google Scholar.

38 Bossy, , ‘Elizabethan Catholiciam: the Link with France’, 137–9Google Scholar.

39 Guilday, , English Catholic Refugees on the Continent, 138 f.Google Scholar; if one puts on a map the liat of èmigré establishments in the Netherlands c. 1680 (ibid. 35), the two areas may be easily distinguished.

40 Bossy, , op. cit. 144 and thereafterGoogle Scholar.

41 Loomie, . ‘Spain and die English Catholic Exiles’, 30–63Google Scholar.

42 Meyer, A. O., England mid die Katholiche Kirche unter Elisabeth (Rome, 1911Google Scholar) and, for example, Watkin, E. I., Roman Catholicism in England from the Reformation to 1950 (1957), 46Google Scholar.

43 Bossy, , op. cit. 170–4Google Scholar; cf. Vaillée, , Histoire gènérale det postes françaises, II, 287–90Google Scholar.

44 Note, for example, the houses of the religious order for women, the Institute of Mary: St Omer (founded 1609), Liège (1616), Cologne (1620), Trier (1621), Rome and Naples (1622), Perugia (1624), Munich (1626), Vienna, Bratislava, Prague (1627-8) ( Guilday, , op. cit. 163–209Google Scholar).

45 Bossy, , op. cit. 226–82 passim; C.R.S. X, 39, 46; P.R.O. S.P. 12/284/4, 25, 88, 89, etc. (pro-Archpriest information sent via Antwerp)Google Scholar.

46 Braudel, , La Méditerranée, 469–502Google Scholar.

47 Loomie, , op. cit. 170–86Google Scholar.

48 Admissions to Valladolid over ten-year periods from 1589: 1580-98-161; 1590-1608- 116; 1609-18-98; 1619-28—51. Bert yean, 1591 (22). 1592 (22). 1506 (28), 1600 (28), 1602 (28) ( Loomie, , op. cit. 290, and C.R.S. XXX). What figures there are for Seville (Loomie, 291) indicate the same trend. Compare admissions to the seminary at Rome in the same periods: 143, 122, 128, 101, best years 1590 (20), 1593 (25), 1598 (20), 1617 (22) (C.R.S. XXXVII)Google Scholar.

49 Guilday, , op. cit. 230–4Google Scholar.

50 Between 1600 and 1617, of 16 journeys Doumi-England for which the college diary indicates a route, 14 imply a Calais-Dover passage or something very dose (C.R.S. X). Much the same impression from Stoye, , English Travellers Abroad, 265, 272 fGoogle Scholar.

51 E.g. C.R.S. XXXIX, lxvi; Autobiography of William Weston, ed. Caraman, P. (1955), IGoogle Scholar; C.S.P. Domestic, Addenda 1580-1625, 415; cf. Loomie, , op. cit. 307Google Scholar.