The papers presented this morning form a good illustration of the old adage that you should never publish a paper that is completely correct, for then you can write only one paper. But if you publish a paper with a lot of errors, you are sure to be criticized, and you can write a second paper to answer your critics, and if the heat proves to be too much you can write a third paper withdrawing everything.

First a bit of history. It is difficult to pin-point when exactly this question of the star density in high latitudes first came up, but I feel sure that it is Implied, to say the least, in the early work on faint blue stars by Malmquist (1927, 1938) and by Humason and Zwicky (1947). This morning Ivan King showed us a table of the changes in the frequency of occurrence among the stars in high galactic latitude as one goes to fainter and fainter magnitudes. This is exactly what I did in 1960 when I published a color-magnitude diagram for 4000 stars down to 19th photographic magnitude near the South Galactic Pole (Luyten 1960). These data had been obtained with the Palomar 48-inch telescope using Haro’s three-image method. I also made up a similar diagram calculated from what I thought were then the best available data on the luminosity and density functions. The conclusion of my analysis was that there seemed to be rather fewer M stars than had been expected, and a great many more stars with the color of F and G stars than expected. This idea was not popular at the time; hence this paper has been carefully ignored until these ideas were used by others twelve years later without reference to the 1960 paper.