Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T03:47:47.008Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Impact of the Spanish smoke-free laws on cigarette sales, 2000–2015: partial bans on smoking in public places failed and only a total tobacco ban worked

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2018

Jaime Pinilla ,
Beatriz G. López-Valcárcel  and
Miguel A. Negrín
Jaime Pinilla*
Affiliation:
Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Management, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Beatriz G. López-Valcárcel
Affiliation:
Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Management, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Miguel A. Negrín
Affiliation:
Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Management, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
*
*Correspondence to: Jaime Pinilla, Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Management, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In January 2006, the Spanish government enacted a tobacco control law that banned smoking in bars and restaurants, with exceptions depending on the floor space of the premises. In January 2011, further legislation in this area was adopted, removing these exceptions. We analyse the effect produced on cigarette sales by these two bans. We approach this problem using an interrupted time series analysis while accounting for the potential effects of autocorrelation and seasonality. The data source used was the official data on legal sales of tobacco in Spain, from January 2000 to December 2015 (excluding the Canary Islands and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla). As confounder variables, we use the log-transformed average prices for manufactured and hand-rolled cigarettes (or the average minimum excise tax as a proxy), and log-transformed real-household disposable income. The implementation of a total smoke-free ban in Spain was associated with an immediate reduction in cigarette sales between 9% to 11%. In contrast, in the period immediately following the partial ban, no such reduction was detected, beyond the trend already present. Our results indicate that, in Spain, partial bans on smoking in public places failed, and that only a total tobacco ban worked.

Keywords

tobaccosmoke-free lawsSpaintime series
Type
Articles
Information
Health Economics, Policy and Law , Volume 14 , Issue 4 , October 2019 , pp. 536 - 552
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Act 28/2005 (2005) Ley de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo y reguladora de la venta, el suministro, el consumo y la publicidad de los productos del tabaco. BOE No. 209, 42241–42250, https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2005/12/27/pdfs/A42241-42250.pdf [26 December 2005].Google Scholar
Act 42/2010 (2010) Ley por la que se modifica la Ley 28/2005, de 26 de diciembre, de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo y reguladora de la venta, el suministro, el consumo y la publicidad de los productos del tabaco. BOE No. 318, 1–7, https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2010/BOE-A-2010-20138-consolidado.pdf [31 December 2010].Google Scholar
Act 3/2014 (2014) Ley por la que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley General para la Defensa de los Consumidores y Usuarios y otras leyes complementarias, aprobado por el Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2007. BOE No. 76, 26967–27004, https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/03/28/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-3329.pdf [27 March 2014].Google Scholar
Albers, AB, Siegel, M, Cheng, DM, Biener, L Rigotti, NA (2007) Effect of smoking regulations in local restaurants on smokers’ anti‐smoking attitudes and quitting behaviours. Tobacco Control 16(2): 101–106.Google Scholar
Blecher, E, Ross, H Stoklosa, M (2014) Lessons learned from cigarette tax harmonisation in the European Union. Tobacco Control 23(e1): e12–e14.Google Scholar
Brown, A, Moodie, C Hastings, G (2009) A longitudinal study of policy effect (smoke-free legislation) on smoking norms: ITC Scotland/United Kingdom. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 11(8): 924–932.Google Scholar
Calderón, C, Barruso, B, Mingorance, C Rueda, N (2010) Los efectos económicos en el sector de la hostelería de la nueva ley antitabaco en España. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Económicos.Google Scholar
Callinan, JE, Clarke, A, Doherty, K Kelleher, C (2010) Legislative smoking bans for reducing secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4, CD005992.Google Scholar
Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (2006) Barómetro Sanitario. http://www.msssi.gob.es/estadEstudios/estadisticas/docs/BS_2006_total_mar.pdf [17 June 2015].Google Scholar
Cesaroni, G, Forastiere, F, Agabiti, N, Valente, P, Zuccaro, P Perucci, CA (2008) Effect of the Italian smoking ban on population rates of acute coronary events. Circulation 117, 1183–1188.Google Scholar
Chandra, S Chaloupka, FJ (2003) Seasonality in cigarette sales: patterns and implications for tobacco control. Tobacco Control 12, 105–107.Google Scholar
Comisionado para el Mercado de Tabacos (CMT) (2016) Ministerio de Hacienda y Administraciones Públicas, Madrid. http://www.cmtabacos.es/wwwcmt/paginas/ES/webInicio.tmpl [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
Cornelsen, L, McGowan, Y, Currie-Murphy, LM Normand, C (2014) Systematic review and meta-analysis of the economic impact of smoking bans in restaurants and bars. Addiction 109(5): 720–727.Google Scholar
European Network for Smoking Prevention (2010) European trends towards smoke-free provisions. http://old.ensp.org/files/european_trends_towards_smokefree_provisions_201004.pdf. [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
Fernández, E (2006) Spain: going smoke free. Tobacco Control 15(2): 79–80.Google Scholar
Fernández, E, Fu, M, Pascual, JA, López, MJ, Pérez-Rios, M, Schiaffino, A, Martínez-Sánchez, JM, Ariza, C, Saltó, E Nebot, M, Spanish Smoking Law Evaluation Group (2009) Impact of the Spanish smoking law on exposure to second-hand smoke and respiratory health in hospitality workers: a cohort study. PloS One 4(1): e4244.Google Scholar
Fichtenberg, CM Glantz, SA (2002) Effect of smoke-free workplaces on smoking behaviour: systematic review. BMJ 327(7357): 188.Google Scholar
Frazer, K, Callinan, JE, McHugh, J, van Baarsel, S, Clarke, A, Doherty, K Kelleher, C (2016) Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, CD005992.Google Scholar
Fu, M, Martínez-Sánchez, JM, Cléries, R, Villalbí, JR, Daynard, RA, Connolly, GN Fernández, E (2014) Opposite trends in the consumption of manufactured and roll-your-own cigarettes in Spain (1991-2020). BMJ Open 4(12): e006552.Google Scholar
Galán, I López, MJ (2009) Tres años con “Ley de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo”: aire más limpio, pero no lo suficiente. Gaceta Sanitaria 23(2): 87–90.Google Scholar
Gravely, S, Giovino, GA, Craig, L, Commar, A, D’Espaignet, ET, Schotte, K Fong, GT (2017) Implementation of key demand-reduction measures of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and change in smoking prevalence in 126 countries: an association study. Lancet Public Health 2, e166–e174.Google Scholar
Guindon, E, Paraje, G Chaloupka, F (2015) The impact of prices and taxes on the use of tobacco products in Latin America and the Caribbean. American Journal of Public Health 105(3): e9–e19.Google Scholar
Hammond, D (2011) Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tobacco Control 20, 327–337.Google Scholar
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2015a) Population figures and demographic censusses. http://www.ine.es/en/inebmenu/mnicifraspob_en.htm [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2015b) Spanish regional accounts. National total. Base data. Gross disposable household income. http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft35%2Fp009&file=inebase&L=1 [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
Kasza, KA, Hyland, AJ, Brown, A, Siahpush, M, Yong, H, Mc Neill, AD, Li, L Cummings, KM (2011) The effectiveness of tobacco marketing regulations on reducing smokers’ exposure to advertising and promotion: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8(2): 321–340.Google Scholar
Lakhdar, CB (2008) Quantitative and qualitative estimates of cross-border tobacco shopping and tobacco smuggling in France. Tobacco Control 17(1): 12–16.Google Scholar
Levy, DT Friend, KB (2003) The effects of clean indoor air laws: What do we know and what do we need to know?. Health Education Research 18, 592–609.Google Scholar
Levy, DT, Yuan, Z, Luo, Y Mays, D (2016) Seven years of progress in tobacco control: an evaluation of the effect of nations meeting the highest level MPOWER measures between 2007 and 2014, Tobacco Control 27(1): 50–57.Google Scholar
Lidón-Moyano, C, Martínez-Sánchez, JM, Fu, M, Ballbè, M, Martín-Sánchez, JC Fernández, E (2016) Prevalence and user profile of electronic cigarettes in Spain (2014). Gaceta Sanitaria 30(6): 432–437.Google Scholar
López, MJ, Nebot, M, Schiaffino, A, Pérez-Ríos, M, Fu, M, Ariza, C, Muñoz, G Fernández, E (2012) Two-year impact of the Spanish smoking law on exposure to secondhand smoke: evidence of the failure of the “Spanish model”. Tobacco Control 21(4): 407–411.Google Scholar
López-Nicolás, A, Cobacho, MB Fernández, E (2013) The Spanish tobacco tax loopholes and their consequences. Tobacco Control 22(e1): e21–e24.Google Scholar
Martínez-Sánchez, JM, Fernández, E, Fu, M, Gallus, S, Martínez, C, Sureda, X, La Vecchia, C Clancy, L (2010) Smoking behaviour, involuntary smoking, attitudes towards smoke-free legislations, and tobacco control activities in the European Union. PLoS One 5(11): e13661.Google Scholar
Nagelhout, GE, de Vries, H, Boudreau, C, Allwright, S, McNeill, A, van den Putte, B, Fong, GT Willemsen, MC (2012) Comparative impact of smoke-free legislation on smoking cessation in three European countries. European Journal of Public Health 22(Supplement 1): 4–9.Google Scholar
Nagelhout, GE, van den Putte, B, Allwright, S, Mons, U, McNeill, A, Guignard, R, Beck, F, Siahpush, M, Joossens, L, Fong, GT, de Vries, H Willemsen, MC (2014) Socioeconomic and country variations in cross-border cigarette purchasing as tobacco tax avoidance strategy. Findings from the ITC Europe Surveys. Tobacco Control 23(Supplement 1): 30–38.Google Scholar
Ngo, A, Cheng, KW, Chaloupka, FJ Shang, C (2017) The effect of MPOWER scores on cigarette smoking prevalence and consumption, Preventive Medicine 105 (Supplement): S10–S14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.006.Google Scholar
Nguyen, L, Rosenqvist, G Pekurinen, M (2012) Demand for Tobacco in Europe an Econometric Analysis of 11 Countries for the PPACTE Project. Report 6/2012:172. Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare.Google Scholar
Office on Smoking and Health (2006). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke, Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US).Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2017) Definitions, sources and methods. Tobacco consumption in grams per capita (age 15+), OECD Health Statistics 2017, Paris.Google Scholar
Pinilla, J Negrín, MA (2010) Impacto económico de la regulación del consumo de tabaco en el ámbito de la hostelería: efectos previsibles de la ampliación de la Ley 28/2005. http://www.aes.es/Publicaciones/Informe_Impacto%20Ley.pdf [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
Prieger, JE Kulick, J (2016) Cigarette taxes and illicit trade in Europe, SSRN, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2718519 [9 March 2016].Google Scholar
Regidor, E, Pascual, C, Giráldez-García, C, Galindo, S, Martínez, D Kunst, AE (2015) Impact of tobacco prices and smoke-free policy on smoking cessation, by gender and educational group: Spain, 1993-2012. International Journal of Drug Policy 26(12): 1215–1221.Google Scholar
Royal Decree 1079/2002 (2002) Real Decreto por el que se regulan los contenidos máximos de nicotina, alquitrán y monóxido de carbono de los cigarrillos, el etiquetado de los productos del tabaco, así como las medidas relativas a ingredientes y denominaciones de los productos del tabaco. BOE, No. 251, 36814–36817, https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2002/10/19/pdfs/A36814-36817.pdf [18 October 2002].Google Scholar
Royal Decree 639/2010 (2010) Real Decreto por el que se modifica el Real Decreto 1079/2002, por el que se regulan los contenidos máximos de nicotina, alquitrán y monóxido de carbono de los cigarrillos, el etiquetado de los productos del tabaco, así como las medidas relativas a ingredientes y denominaciones de los productos del tabaco. BOE, No. 128, 45931–45940, https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2010/05/26/pdfs/BOE-A-2010-8388.pdf [14 May 2010].Google Scholar
Sargent, RP, Shepard, RM Glantz, SA (2004) Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before and after study. BMJ 328, 977–980.Google Scholar
Schaap, MM, Kunst, AE, Leinsalu, M, Regidor, E, Ekholm, O, Dzurova, D, Helmert, U, Klumbiene, J, Santana, P Mackenbach, JP (2008) Effect of nationwide tobacco control policies on smoking cessation in high and low educated groups in 18 European countries. Tobacco Control 17(4): 248–255.Google Scholar
Toledo, J (2006) Spain: lessons of a not-so-smoke-free law. Tobacco Control 15(3): 147–148.Google Scholar
Uang, R, Hiilamo, H Glantz, SA (2016) Accelerated adoption of smoke-free laws after ratification of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. American Journal of Public Health 106(1): 166–171.Google Scholar
Warren, CW., Erguder, T, Lee, J, Lea, V, Sauer, AG, Jones, NR Bilir, N (2012) Effect of policy changes on cigarette sales: the case of Turkey. European Journal of Public Health 22(5): 712–716.Google Scholar
Wilkins, N, Yurekli, A Hu, T (2007) Economic Analysis of Tobacco Demand, Washington, DC: World Bank Economics of Tobacco Toolkit.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2003) WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. http://www.who.int/fctc/text_download/en/ [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2008) Report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package, Geneva: WHO, http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/en/ [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) WHO Technical Manual on Tobacco Tax Administration. http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/tax_administration/en/ [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) (2015) WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2015: raising taxes on tobacco – executive summary. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/178577/WHO_NMH_PND_15.5_eng.pdf [12 September 2017].Google Scholar
Yeh, CY, Schafferer, C, Lee, JM, Ho, LM Hsieh, CJ (2017) The effects of a rise in cigarette price on cigarette consumption, tobacco taxation revenues, and of smoking-related deaths in 28 EU countries applying threshold regression modelling. BMC Public Health 17(1): 676.Google Scholar