¹ For a review and analysis of the last fifty years, see Dever, William G., “Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology,” in Knight, Douglas A. and Tucker, Gene, eds., The Hebrew Bible and Its Modern Interpreters (Minneapolis: Fortress and Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985)Google Scholar ; Meyers, Carol and Meyers, Eric, “Expanding the Frontiers of Biblical Archaeology,” Eretz-Israel 20 (1989) 140–47Google Scholar.

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⁴ For a recent attempt in encyclopedic format, see Rousseau, John J. and Arav, Rami, Jesus and His World: An Archaeological and Cultural Dictionary (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995).Google Scholar

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⁷ Ibid., iv.

⁸ Ramsay, William M., The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia and Their Place in the Plan of the Apocalypse (1904; reprinted Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1979) v.Google Scholar

⁹ , Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 215–27Google Scholar ; idem, Impressions of Turkey During Twelve Years’ Wanderings (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1897) 126-36.

¹⁰ , Ramsay, Impressions of Turkey, 133, 158.Google Scholar

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¹³ Ibid., 140-41.

¹⁴ Ibid., 202-3.

¹⁵ Ibid., 87.

¹⁶ Ibid., 69-72.

¹⁷ Ibid., 36.

¹⁸ Ibid., 89.

¹⁹ Ibid., 48-49.

²⁰ Ibid., 49.

²¹ Merchant, Carolyn, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980)Google Scholar ; note the gender of terms in the preceding quote from Ramsay.

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³¹ Ibid., 157.

³² Ibid., 221-23.

³³ Ibid., 62-63.

³⁴ Ibid., 64-67.

³⁵ Ibid., 62, 67-69.

³⁶ Ibid., 69.

³⁷ Ibid., 420-22.

³⁸ Ibid., 31.

³⁹ Ibid., 171-96.

⁴⁰ See, for example, ibid., 178-80.

⁴¹ Ibid., 178.

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⁴³ , Ramsay, Impressions of Turkey, 158–62Google Scholar ; idem, Revolution in Constantinople, 14.

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⁴⁵ Hemer, Colin J., The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia in their Local Setting (JSNTSup 11, Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1986).Google Scholar

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⁴⁸ Ibid., 14.

⁴⁹ Hemer does not seem to be aware of the importance that Ramsay placed upon nature as a distinction between Orientals and Europeans.

⁵⁰ See ibid., 51.

⁵¹ Ibid., 54.

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⁵³ , Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches, 431–32.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ , Hemer, Letters to the Seven Churches, 40–41.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ Ibid., 54.

⁵⁹ Ibid., 92.

⁶⁰ Ibid., 41.

⁶¹ Ibid., 81.

⁶² Ibid., 82.

⁶³ IvE I 27.

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⁷⁰ Ibid., 210-12.

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⁷⁷ , Bernal, Black Athena, 224–399.Google Scholar

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⁹⁴ Said, Edward W., Culture and Imperialism (New York: Knopf, 1993) 13.Google Scholar