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Liturgical Scholarship at the Time of the Investiture Controversy: Past Research and Future Opportunities*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2011

Roger E. Reynolds
Roger E. Reynolds
Affiliation:
Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto, Canada M5S 2C4
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Extract

To state that the period dominated by events at Canossa was a watershed in the history of ecclesio-political relationships is almost trite. But it is not so commonplace to state that this same period was also a high plateau in the history of liturgical scholarship. For modern students the picture of investiture by ring and staff represents the struggle between Church and State in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, but it should not be overlooked that the tradition of these tangible instruments was a liturgical act also signaling an intensity of concern for the liturgy and its proper performance and interpretation unequaled since the Carolingian age. Thus it comes as a surprise to many students of ecclesio-political theory to find that a majority of the publicists of the age of the Investiture Controversy whose works fill the three fat volumes of the Libelli de lite of the Monumenta Germaniae historica were avid observers of the liturgy. Peter Damian, Humbert of Silva Candida, Bonizo of Sutri, Bernold of Constance, Ranger of Lucca, the Norman Anonymous, Ivo of Chartres, Sigebert of Gembloux, Hildebert of Le Mans, and Honorius “of Autun” all wrote tracts in which aspects of liturgy were described and explained. And while the political ideas of these publicistic worthies have lost their cogency in modern times, their liturgical scholarship still graces the footnotes of many a modern popular exposition of the liturgy.

Type
Research Article
Information
Harvard Theological Review , Volume 71 , Issue 1-2 , April 1978 , pp. 109 - 124
Copyright
Copyright © President and Fellows of Harvard College 1978

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References

1 E.g., see the study of Robert L. Benson, The Bishop-Elect: A Study in Medieval Ecclesiastical Office (Princeton, 1968) passim.

2 The following authors whose works appear in MGH, LDL (3 vols.; Hanover, 1891—7) are attributed with liturgical works: LDL 1: Humbert, Adversus simoniacos, LDL 1.95; Adversus Graecorum calumnias, PL 143. 929; Peter Damian, De dominus vobiscum, PL 145. 231; Bonizo of Sutri, Libellus de sacramentis, ed. Walter Berschin, Bonizo von Sutri: Leben und Werk (Beiträge zur Geschichte und Quellenkunde des Mittelalters 2; ed. H. Fuhrmann; Berlin-New York, 1972).

LDL 2: Bernold of Constance, Libelli (especially De presbyteris), LDL 2. 1; Micrologus, PL 151. 977; Sigebert of Gembloux, Apologia contra eos qui calumniantur missas coniugatorum sacerdotum, LDL 2. 436; De differentia iv temporum, PL 160. 813; Ranger of Lucca, Liber de anulo et baculo, LDL 2. 505; Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae ad litem investiturarum spectantes, LDL 2. 640; Sermones de ecclesiasticis sacramentis, PL 162. 505; Hildebert, Epistolae de Paschali papa, LDL 2. 667; Versus de mysterio missae, PL 171. 1177.

LDL 3: Honorius Augustodunensis, De offendiculo, De apostatis, Summa gloria, LDL 3. 38,57,63; Gemma animae, PL 172. 541; Sacramentarium seu de causis et significant mystico rituum divini in ecclesia officii liber, PL 172. 737; Speculum ecclesiae, PL 172. 813 [on the manuscripts of Honorius see V. I. J. Flint, “The Place and Purpose of the Works of Honorius Augustodunensis,” RBén 87 (1977) 119–27]. Norman Anonymous, Tractates, ed. Karl Pellens, Die Texte des Normannischen Anonymus unter Konsultation der Teilausgaben von H. Böhmer, H. Scherrinsky und G. H. Williams neu aus der Handschrift 415 des Corpus Christi College Cambridge (Veröff. des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte 42; Wiesbaden, 1966).

3 See, e.g., Mgr. Lamothe-Tenet, Les saints ordres: 2, Les ordres mineurs (2d ed.; Toulouse, 1891) 41f., or P. Gontier, Explication du pontifical, Texte et commentaire 2 (2d ed.; Angers, 1899) 148f.

4 For studies and lists of these shorter texts see Raphael Schulte, Die Messe als Opfer der Kirche (Liturgiewissenschaftliche Quellen und Forschungen 35; Münster/ W., 1959) 121–38, dealing with the tracts Dominus vobiscum, Prima in ordine, and Quotiens contra se; and Cyrille Vogel, Introduction aux sources de l'histoire du culte Chrétien au moyen âge (reedited with preface by B. Botte; Spoleto, 1975) 11f., listing the works of Charlemagne, Ad Odilbertum episcopum Mediolanensis and responses, Alcuin, Ad Oduinum sacerdotem; Leidrad, Liber de sacramento baptismatis ad Carolum Magnum; Magnus of Sens, Libellus de mysterio baptismatis iussu Caroli Magni editus; Theodulf of Orléans, De ordine baptismi; Maxentius of Aquileia, De significatu rituum baptismatis; various anonymous tracts on baptism, Jesse of Amiens, Epistola de baptismo.

5 On the works of Amalarius, Walafrid Strabo, and Rabanus see Vogel, Introduction, 12; and on Rabanus especially see Raymund Kottje, “Hrabanus Maurus—‘Praeceptor Germaniae’?” Wissenschaft zwischen Forschung und Ausbildung (Schriften der Philosophischen Fachbereiche der Universität Augsburg 1; ed. J. Becker and R. Bergmann; Augsburg, 1975) 89 (repr. with manuscript citations in Deutsches Archiv 3] [1975] 540f.).

6 See the works noted in n. 4 above, as well as those listed by Vogel, Introduction, 11f., incuding Agobard of Lyons, Liber de correctione antiphonarii, Contra libros iv Amalarii; Florus of Lyons, Liber de divina psalmodia, De actione missae; and Hincmar of Rheims, Epistola ad presbyteros Remensis ecclesiae.

7 See Adolph Franz, Die Messe im deutschen Mittelalter: Beiträge zur Geschichte der Liturgie und des religiösen Volkslebens (repr. Darmstadt, 1963) 407.

8 On the Liber see my “Marginalia on a Tenth-Century Text on the Ecclesiastical Officers,” Law, Church and Society: Essays in Honor of Stephan Kuttner, (ed. Pennington, K. and Somerville, R.; Philadelphia, 1977) 115–29Google Scholar.

9 Smalley, Beryl, The Study of the Bible in the Middle Ages (2d ed.; Oxford, 1952) 44Google Scholarf., notes a similar phenomenon in the production of commentaries on the Bible as opposed to the lectio divina in choir.

10 See, e.g., Albi Bibl. mun. 43 (15), fol. 16v; Clm 14532, fol. 92v; and Clm 17043, fol. 151v.

11 See Gregory VII, Regula canonica [Vat. Lat. 629], ed. Germain Morin, Etudes, textes, decouvertes: Contributions à la littérature et à l'histoire des douze premiers siècles (2d ser., Anecdota Maredsolana 1; Maredsous, 1913) 459f. Gregory complains about those who daily use in the Office three psalms and three lessons due to negligence of ancient customs and fastidiousness. Vogel, Introduction, 363, now notes that according to Mabillon these complaints would have been voiced by Hildebrand at the Lateran Council of 1059 under Nicholas II.

12 In fact, Stephen IX, a Lotharingian and former abbot in the long line of German abbots at Monte Cassino attempted in 10S8 to suppress Ambrosian chant at Monte Cassino, so Klaus Gamber speculates, to assure conformity to the Romano-Germanic rite imposed by the emperors. See Klaus Gamber, Codices liturgici latini antiquiores (Spicilegii Friburgensis, Subsidia 1. 1; Freiburg/ Sen., 1968) 250; and Avery, Myrtilla, “The Beneventan Lections for the Vigil of Easter and the Ambrosian Chant Banned by Pope Stephen IX at Monte Cassino,” Studi gregoriani 1 (1947) 433–58Google Scholar.

It must be emphasized that the Gregorian champions, Anselm of Lucca and Deusdedit, later even used large sections from the Pontificale romano-germanicum in their canonical collections, referring to the texts as Roman.

13 The Roman Pontifical of the Twelfth Century (PR XII) is the result. Our earliest manuscripts of this pontifical are from the late eleventh century, Troyes Bibl. de la Ville 2272, and Vat. Barb. Lat. 631, on which see Michel Andrieu, Le Pontifical romain au moyen-âge: I, Le Pontifical romain du XIIe siècle (Studi e Testi 86; Vatican, 1938) 61,81. Also elements of the PR XII were already appearing in manuscripts of the Pontificale romano-germanicum, on which see my “The De officiis vii graduum: Its Origins and Early Medieval Development,” Mediaeval Studies 34 (1972) 145–48. In the PR XII the Pontificale romano-germanicum was reworked to fit the Roman situation: archaic rites and texts were omitted (e.g., iudicia dei, rites of exorcism, excommunication, etc.), and there was a general simplification of rites (e.g., multiple prayers were dropped) so characteristic of the Roman liturgy.

14 E.g., there was inserted into the sanctorale the feasts of popes unknown in Frankish lands, and these were to be solemnly celebrated everywhere “cum pleno officio.” See Vogel, Introduction, 204.

15 On these suppressions see Karl F. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300–1140 (Princeton, 1969) 273. For more extensive discussions of the suppression of rites under Alexander and Gregory see King, Archdale A., Liturgies of the Primatial Sees (London, 1957) 305Google Scholar, 503ff.; Donovan, Richard G., The Liturgical Drama in Medieval Spain (Studies and Texts 4; Toronto, 1958) 21–23Google Scholar; Hillgarth, J. N. in Speculum 52 (1977) 725Google Scholar; and Gregory's letter to Archbishop Gregory of Sivas in Armenia, MGH, Epist. Sel. 1. 510–14.

16 To be added to the list of authors whose works appear in the LDL are the following, whose works have been edited elsewhere: Berno of Reichenau, Libellus de quibusdam rebus ad missae officium pertinentibus, PL 142. 1055; Dialogus qualiter quatuor temporum ieiunia per sua sabbata sint observanda, PL 142. 1087; Rupert of Deutz, Liber de divinis officiis, (ed., H. Haake; Corpus christianorum, Cont. med. 7; Turnhout, 1967); John of Avranches, De officiis ecclesiasticis, ed. R. Delamare, Le “De officiis ecclesiasticis” de Jean d'Avranches, archevêque de Rouen, (1067–79) (Bibliothèque liturgique de Chanoine U. Chevalier 22; Paris, 1923); Odo of Cambrai, Expositio in canonem missae, PL 160. 1053; Bruno of Segni, De sacramentis ecclesiae, mysteriis atque ecclesiasticis ritibus, PL 165. 1089; Alger of Liège (?), De sacrificio missae, PL 180. 853; Drogo of Laon, Liber de divinis officiis, PL 166. 1557.

17 Hittorp, Melchior, De divinis catholicae ecclesiae officiis et mysteriis, varii vetustorum aliquot ecclesiae patrum ac scriptorum ecclesiasticorum libri, quorum catalogum pagina decimosexta complectitur … (Paris, 1610Google Scholar, repr. Westmead, 1970).

18 It is interesting to note that a study like Schulte's (see above, n. 4) dealing with the Mass in the commentaries stops with the beginning of the eleventh century. Perhaps this is indicative of the realization of how many more tracts there are which must be uncovered, edited, and studied.

19 On Bernold's work see Johanne Autenrieth, Die Domschule von Konstanz undzweier Kleriker dargestellt auf Grund von Handschriftenstudien (Forschungen zur Kirchen- und Geistesgeschichte, N.F. 3; Stuttgart, 1956).

20 In the Micrologus, chap. 14, De signis super oblationem, Bernold mentions the varieties of numbers of crosses made over the oblation and appeals to the memory of Gregory VII to support his contention that the number of signs must be uneven. In chap. 17, Bernold also cites Gregory VII, saying that the pope would have approved of five signs of the cross at the touching of the chalice.

21 See Jungmann, Joseph A., The Mass of the Roman Rite: Its Origins and Development (Missarum Sollemnia) (trans. Brunner, F.; New York, 1951) 1Google Scholar. 103.

22 Jungmann, The Mass of the Roman Rite, 1. 103. The reference here is to a synod of Hungarian bishops who met ca. 1100 and published a group of decrees with the rubric Ordo divinorum officiorum et ieiuniorwn secundum libellum quern conlaudabimus ab omnibus teneatur. In the manuscript, Budapest Nat. Mus. Nyelvemlékek N. I, where the canons are found there is also the Micrologus. It must be noted, however, that chap. 23 is missing in the text.

23 V. L. Kennedy, “For a New Edition of the Micrologus of Bernold of Constance,” Mélanges en l'honneur de Monseigneur Michel Andrieu, Rev. des. sc. relig., vol. hors sér. (Strasbourg, 1956) 229–41.

24 For a list of Fr. Kennedy's works see “Vincent Lorne Kennedy: 1899–1974,” Mediaeval Studies 37 (1975) 4Google Scholarf.

25 PL 162. 505.

26 See my “Ivonian Opuscula on the Ecclesiastical Officers,” Studia Gratiana, Mélanges G. Fransen II 20 (1976) 312Google Scholar.

27 Many of the manuscripts noted in the Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes appear to have been the result of the Abbé Guizard's researches on the works of Ivo in general.

28 For lists of the manuscripts of Ivo's sermons see my “Marginalia,” 14. To be added to the list are Liverpool Public Libraries f 091. RAB, fols. 150–63 (a reference kindly brought to my attention by Mr. Neil Ker, who says this is a former Helmingham manuscript ofthe mid-twelfth century written in England with a Peterborough abbey provenance); Library of the Bishop of Portsmouth s.n., noted in Blanchard, P., “Un traité De benedictionibus patriarcharum de Paschase Radbert?” RBén 28 (1911) 425Google Scholarf. These manuscripts all contain at least Sermo II, and there are many more manuscripts that contain the other sermons of Ivo, but not Sermo II. See e.g., Schneyer, J. B., Wegweiser zu lateinischen Predigtreihen des Mittelallers (Munich, 1965) 296Google Scholar, 437; Repertorium der lateinischen Sermones da Mitlelalters 2 (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters 48.2: Münster/W, 1970) 156; and Flint, “Place and Purpose of the Works of Honorius,” 112 n. 3.

29 Turin Bibl. Naz. Univ. D.IV.42 (Pasini 1136).

30 Georg P. Götz, Der “Liber Quare”: ein Katechismus der Liturgie, Untersuchungen und Text (Dissertation; Rome, 1971). Also see Iohannis Beleth Summa de ecclesiasticis officiis, (ed. H. Douteil; Corpus christianorum, Cont. med. 41; Turnhout, 1976) 24*.

31 Bamberg Staatsbibliothek Lit. 134 (Ed. V.13).

32 Kennedy, Vincent L., “The ‘De officiis divinis’ of MS. Bamberg Lit. 134,” Ephemerides liturgicae 52 (1938) 312–26Google Scholar.

33 Vienna ÖNB 273 (11th-12th centuries).

34 Paris BN Lat. 12942, on which see my The Ordinals of Christ from their Origins to the Twelfth Century (Beiträge zur Geschichte und Quellenkunde des Mittelalters 7; ed. Fuhrmann, H.; Berlin-New York, 1977) 115Google Scholarf.; Paris BN Lat. 14848, fol. 127v; and Paris BN Lat. 11493, fol. 94r (both containing anonymous extract s from Rabanus Maurus' De clericorum institutione).

35 Milan Ambrosiana T 62 Sup., on which see my Ordinals of Christ, 119–21.

36 Stuttgart Landesbibliothek Cod. Theol. 8°51, fol. 001r; Clm 22273, fol. 89v; and Clm 13105, fol. 73r.

37 Oxford All Souls College 28, fol. 137r; London Lambeth Palace 363, fol. 60r; Lambeth Palace 380, fol. 195r; and Cambridge Corpus Christi College 68, fol. 120v. Professor Kuttner, who kindly pointed out to me the Oxford manuscript, has noted the combination of the works of Drogo and Bernold.

38 In Oxford Bodl. 548 (12th century), fol. 26v, a slightly later hand has written “Sermo venerabilis Yvonis Carnotensis episcopi” beside a homily now attributed to Geoffrey, Sermo in dedicatione ecclesiae (PL 171. 731)(incipit: Facta sunt encenia ierosolimis): on fol. 145r, a much later hand has written the same words beside the Sermo in dedicatione eclesiae (PL 171.736) (incipit: Inquit apostolus Paulus Christus dilexit ecclesiam). In this same manuscript, fol. 91r, there are anonymous sermons directed to the clerical grades of cleric, doorkeeper, lector, exorcist, acolyte, subdeacon, deacon, and presbyter on their ordinations. There are the same sermons in London Brit. Lib. Royal 8.F.III, fol. 131v, and Reims Bibl. mun. 579, fol. 83r. On Geoffrey Babion and some of these sermons see André Wilmart, “Les sermons d'Hildebert,” RBén 47 (1935) 12–51, esp. 20f. n. 4; Lampen, Willibrordus, “De Sermonibus Gaufredi Babionis Scholastici Andegavensis,” Anton 19 (1944) 145–68Google Scholar, esp. 160f.; Jean-Paul Bonnes, “Un des plus grands prédicateurs du XIIe siècle Geoffroy du Loroux dit Geoffroy Babion,” RBén 56 (1945–46) 174–215; and Schneyer, Repertorium 2. 150–59.

39 For the most recent studies on the Anonymous see Kennedy M. Woody, “Marginalia on the Norman Anonymous,” HTR 66 (1973) 273–88; Karl Pellens, Das Kirchendenken des Normannischen Anonymus (Veröff. des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz 69; Wiesbaden, 1973); and Hartmann, Wilfrid, “Beziehungen des Normannischen Anonymus zu frühscholastischen Bildungszentren,” Deutsches Archiv 31 (1975) 108–43Google Scholar.

40 See, e.g., Williams, George H., The Norman Anonymous of 1100 A.D.: Toward the Identification and Evaluation of the so-called Anonymous of York (Harvard Theological Studies 18; Cambridge, Mass., 1951) 36–46Google Scholar, 74–82; Cantor, Norman, Church, Kingship, and Lay Investiture in England, 1089–1135 (Princeton, 1958) 185–89Google Scholar; and Nineham, Ruth, “The so-called Anonymous of York,” JEH 14 (1963) 31–45Google Scholar.

41 C.C.C.C. 415, p. 119. Cf. Pellens, Die Texte des Normannischen Anonymus, 108.

42 See my “The Unidentified Sources of the Norman Anonymous: C.C.C.C. MS 415,” Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society 5.2 (1970) 126f.

43 See my “The Unidentified Sources,” 127f.; and Sermo II, Pl 162. 514–19.

44 Williams, Norman Anonymous, 85.

45 L. VIII, chap. 1. The translation below is based on Orléans Bibl. mun. 221 (193), pp.

46 Egbert Pontifical, ed. Greenwell, W., The Pontifical of Egbert, Archbishop of York, A. 732–766 (Durham, 1853) 10Google Scholarf.; Dunstan Pontifical, ed. E. Martène, De antiquis ecclesiae ritibus libri tres …, Lib. I, cap. viii, art. xi, Ordo III, t. 2 (Venice, 1793) 37; Lanalet Pontifical, ed. G. H. Doble, Pontificale Lanalelense (Bibliothèque de la Ville de Rouen A. 27, Cat. 368): A Pontificalformerly in use at St. Germans, Cornwall (Henry Bradshaw Society 74; London, 1937) 49; Anderson Pontifical, London Brit. Lib. Addit. 57337, fols. 36v-37v; Pontifical of Canterbury, C.C.C.C. 44 (olim I.I), pp. 200–204. The translation below is based on the Egbert Pontifical.

47 Paris BN NAL 306, fols. 111r-29r; Para Bibl. Maz. 539, fols. 95v-110r; and Vat. Lat. 3748, fols. 106v-22v.

48 Williams, Norman Anonymous, 86, 107.

49 For Professor Bischoff's dating of the manuscript see Hartmann, “Beziehungen,” 110 n. 8.

50 Cambridge Univ. Lib. Ee 2. 3, fols. 93v-105r. The Latin texts of the Norman pontificals printed below may be found in my Ordinals of Christ, pp. 136f.

51 Williams, Norman Anonymous, 48f.

52 Hartmann, “Beziehungen.”

53 Ryan, J. Joseph, Saint Peter Damiani and His Canonical Sources: A Preliminary Study in the Antecedents of the Gregorian Reform (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies: Studies and Texts 2; Toronto, 1956Google Scholar); and Hoesch, Henning, Die kanonischen Quellen im Werk Humberts von Moyenmoutier: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der vorgregorianischen Reform (Forschungen zur kirchlichen Rechtsgeschichte und zum Kirchenrecht 10; Vienna, 1970Google Scholar).