It is now a truism that the publication in 1977 of E. P. Sanders's, Paul and Palestinian Judaism marked a watershed in Pauline interpretation.E. P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion (Philadelphia: Fortress; London: SCM, 1977). For the critique of the traditional interpretation, see esp. 33–59. Sanders outlawed once and forever from Christian scholarship the old legalistic caricature of Judaism that generations of Christians had derived from Paul.See also Sanders's more specific study, Paul, the Law and the Jewish People (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983). For subsequent critiques along the same lines see F. Watson, Paul, Judaism and the Gentiles (SNTSMS 56; Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1986)1–22. Note, however, that Watson has modified his view more recently. See also S. K. Stowers, A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews and Gentiles (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994) 1–5, 13–16, 258–60. That caricature stemmed largely from Martin Luther's identification of the battle in which he saw himself engaged in the sixteenth century with what he believed to be Paul's struggle in the mid-first century: namely, that both were confronting a religion of works-righteousness, exemplified in the one case by certain tendencies of late-medieval Catholicism and in the other by Judaism.