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A Gentleman Among The Fathers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2011

Morton S. Enslin
Morton S. Enslin
Affiliation:
Moylan, Pennsylvania
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Extract

“He, who was like no other man, could not have been given to the world without the special design of Providence.” So wrote Arrian, a Greek historian, in the middle of the second century of our era of the amazing youth, Alexander of Macedon, who five centuries before had so effectually removed the barrier between East and West and written a chapter never to be overlooked by the historian anxious to trace the complicated story of the gradual development of “One World.” Of all Alexander's contributions, and they were many, it would not be difficult to present a strong case for the contention that none surpassed his act at the delta of the Nile in 332. He had come there to complete his preliminary campaign against the Achaemenidae — the sweeping of their fleet from the sea by the methodical and simple method of depriving them of all harbors and contact with the army to the east. This he did, but he did more. He founded a city, named for himself, which was destined to spread and make current coin the magic of Greek learning and with it her civilization to a degree unsurpassed, if indeed even paralleled, by any other centre.

Type
Research Article
Information
Harvard Theological Review , Volume 47 , Issue 4 , October 1954 , pp. 213 - 241
Copyright
Copyright © President and Fellows of Harvard College 1954

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References

1 Arrian, de Exped. Alexandri vii, 30, 2.

2 Denis, De la Philosophie d'Origène, p. 7. This passage is quoted by W. Fairweather, Origen and Greek Patristic Theology, pp. 3 f. This latter volume in its opening chapter gives a brief but balanced and judicious survey of Clement and his predecessors which I have constantly found of value and which I acknowledge with appreciation.

3 Acts of Thomas 1; M. R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament, p. 365.

4 Jerome, de Vir. inl. 8.

5 Jerome, Comm. in Matt., Prolog. — “Alexandrinae ecclesiae primus episcopus” (Migne, Patr. Lat. xxvi, col. 18A).

6 Eusebius, H. E. ii, 16.

7 Prooem. in Matt.

8 Three such statements seem to have stood in the lost Hypotyposes. Two are cited by Eusebius (H. E. ii, 15, 2; vi, 14, 6); the third is preserved in a Latin fragment on I Peter 5:13 (Stählin, Clemens Alexandrinus, III, p. 206).

9 Origen, Comm. in Matt., also cites I Peter 5:13 in this connection (so Eusebius, H. E. vi, 25, 5).

10 C. H. Turner, J. T. S., X (Jan., 1909), p. 169.

11 H.E. vi, 14, 9.

12 H.E. v, 10, 1 ff.

13 Jerome, de Vir. inl. 36 — “huius multi quidem in sanctam scripturam extant commentarii….”

14 Strom. i, 1 (11,322P). Citation of Clement's writings in this essay include (in parenthesis) Klotz's enumeration of sections employed by Stählin and also Potter's pages. Unfortunately the English translation of Clement in the Ante-Nicene Library does not subdivide the (often very long) chapters.

15 Strom, i, 1 (14,324P).

16 Ecl. Prophet. 27, 1 (996P).

17 J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, pp. 488 f.

18 W. Bousset, Jüdisch-christlicher Schulbetrieb in Alexandria und Rom.

19 H.E. vi, 13, 2.

20 Ecl. Prophet. 56, 2 (1002f.P.).

21 H.E. v, 11, 2–5.

22 That is, South Italy.

23 Strom, i, 1 (11,322P).

24 Origen, c. Cels. i, 48 (end).

25 B. F. Westcott, “Clement of Alexandria” in Smith and Wace, A Dictionary of Christian Biography, I, pp. 559 f.

26 Epiphanius, Haer. xxxii, 6 (Holl, I, p. 445).

27 Paed. i, 1 (1,97P).

28 Paed. ii, 8 (62,205P).

29 Eusebius too had reached this opinion: πάντων μὲν διὰ πείρας έλθὼν ἀνήρ, θᾶττόν ϒε μὴν τῆς πλάνης ἀνανεύσας — Praep. Ev. iii, 2 (end).

30 H.E. vi, 6, 1.

31 Origen was born ca. 185.

32 H.E. vi, 3, 3.

33 H.E. vi, 1 and 2.

34 H.E. vi, 11, 6.

35 Cf. Alexander's phrase δν ἲστε καὶ ὑμεῖς καὶ ἐπιϓνώσεσθε.

36 H.E. vi, 14, 8 f.

37 For example, E. J. Goodspeed, A History of Early Christian Literature, pp. 201 f.: “Clement probably began to assist Pantaenus about A.D. 190, and was head of the school from about 200 to 202.

38 Strom. i, 21 (139–147; 402–409P).

39 H.E. vi, 6.

40 H.E. vi, 13, 1–3.

41 Cf. Stählin, op.cit., III, pp. LIV-LX, 219–221.

42 Idem, p. LXIII.

43 Op.cit., III, pp. LX-LXII.

44 Paed. ii, 10 (94, 226P) — ἐν τῷ περὶ ἐϓκρατείας ἡμῖν δεδήλωται.

45 Paed. iii, 8 (41, 278P) — ἐν τῷ ϒαμικῷ διέξιμεν λόϒῳ.

46 Strom. vii, 18 (111, 902P).

47 Casey, R. P., The Excerpta ex Theodoto of Clement of Alexandria (Studies and Documents I), 1934Google Scholar, provides an able and judicious discussion of this writing, with an analysis attempting to distinguish between Clement's citations from Theodotus and his own comments and criticism.

48 Stählin, op. cit., III, pp. 203–215.

49 Bibl. Cod. 109; in Stählin, op. cit., III, p. 202.

50 It may well be that Clement followed Philo in his understanding of the story in Genesis — Leg. allegor. ii, 1–14 — which would easily lay him open to the charge of heresy from literalists.

51 That Photius is correct in this charge is most unlikely. Since we do not have the text of the Hypotyposes, it is impossible to speak categorically. Clement is easily misquoted, especially from “unfinished work” where not infrequently he cites views from which he himself actually differs.

52 A Coptic Synaxarium stating that Clement, as well as Origen and Arius, had been excommunicated by Demetrius, is mentioned by Zahn, Forschungen, III, p. 141.

53 Texts and Studies edited by J. A. Robinson, Vol. V, No. 2 (1897), pp. 46–52. The fragment is printed by Stählin, op. cit., III, pp. 221–223. The Greek text with English translation is available in G. W. Butterworth's Clement of Alexandria (Loeb Library), pp. 368–377.

54 Stählin, op. cit., III, p. 221.

55 Ibid., p. 222.

56 See Walter Völker, Der wahre Gnostiker nach Clemens Alexandrinus, pp. 26–34, for a full and judicious résumé. This recent (1952) volume is a very valuable addition to the literature on Clement and related matters.

57 A. Puech, Histoire de la littérature grecque chrétienne, II, p. 344.

58 Strom. vii, 18 (110, 901P).

59 Idem (111, 902P).

60 E. Norden, Die Antike Kunstprosa, II, p. 549.

61 Protrep. 2 (11, 10P).

62 Protrep. 2 (27, 23P).

63 Protrep. 10 (104, 82P).

64 Paed. i, 1 (3, 99P).

65 This has often received attention. Harnack, to quote one among many, in his article “Der ‘Eros’ in der alten christlichen Literatur,” styled him “der einziger christlich fromme und wahrhaft freisinnige Theologe … den die alte Kirche besessen hat” (Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akademie d. Wiss., Berlin, 1918, p. 88).

66 Ernesti (Die Ethik des Titus Flavius Clemens von Alexandrien, p. v) called him “Begründer der christlichen Ethik als Wissenschaft”; McGiffert (A History of Christian Thought, I, p. 192) wrote: “He was much greater in ethics than in theology.”

67 See p. 230.

68 Strom. v, 14 (140, 733P).

69 Paed. i, 1 (3, 98P).

70 Strom. v, 12 (82, 695P).

71 Paed. i, 7 (59, 133P).

72 Strom. ii, 20 (117, 490P); cf. Protrep. 11 (117, 90P).

73 Strom. ii, 2 (5, 431P).

74 Strom. ii, 14 (60, 461P).

75 Paed. i, 7 (54, 130P).

76 Strom. vii, 7 (48, 860P).

77 Strom. vii, 7 (42, 855P).

78 Paed. i, 3 (7, 101P).

79 Protrep. 1 (8, 8P).

80 Paed. i, 8 (62, 135P).

81 Paed. ii, 1 (2, 163P).

82 Paed. ii, 2 (19, 177P).

83 Ibid.

84 Paed. ii, 2 (22, 179P).

85 Paed. ii, 1 (passim).

86 Paed. ii, 5 (46, 196P).

87 Paed. ii, 7 (60, 204P).

88 Paed. ii, 9 (78, 217P).

89 Paed. ii, 10 (97, 228P).

90 Paed. ii, 10 (100, 230P).

91 Paed. ii, 11 — Gk. 10 (115, 239P).

92 Paed. iii, 3 (16, 262P).

93 Paed. i, 5 (21 f., 110P).

94 Paed. i, 6 (34–52, 118P).

95 Paed. iii, 11 (75 f., 297P).

96 Paed. i, 5 (19, 108P).

97 Paed. ii, 2 (26–end, 182P).

98 Paed. ii, 8 (62, 205P).

99 Protrep. 5 (64, 56P).

100 Idem.

101 Protrep. 2 (13, 12P).

102 Strom. vi, 11 (Passim).

103 W. Fairweather, op. cit., p. 14.

104 Protrep. 11 (116, 89P).

105 Strom. vi, 10 (80, 780P).

106 Strom. i, 17 (87, 369P).