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Fees and Taxes in the Greek Cults

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2011

F. Sokolowski
F. Sokolowski
Affiliation:
Paris
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Extract

The cults in ancient Greece, both private and public, had many kinds of income, among which the most primitive were fees and taxes. Fees are remunerations paid for the use of various kinds of cult facilities. Taxes are contributions levied by the cult association or by the state to maintain the cult activities. When the cult becomes self-sufficient by endowments or by subsidies, fees and taxes do not play a great rôle. But in times of financial difficulties the state or the cult authorities levied taxes on all or some persons to meet the emergency. This paper is the result of an effort to collect and study all the information on this subject from our sources both literary and epigraphical.

Type
Research Article
Information
Harvard Theological Review , Volume 47 , Issue 3 , July 1954 , pp. 153 - 164
Copyright
Copyright © President and Fellows of Harvard College 1954

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References

Abbreviations. BCH = Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique; RÉG = Revue des Études Grecques; Syll.3 = Dittenberger, Sylloge3; LGS = Prott-Ziehen, Leges Graecorum Sacrae; SEG = Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum.

1 Prott-Ziehen, LGS II, 65, 12. Cf. IG XI, 4, 1032, b 7.

2 Abh. P.A.W. 1909, p. 97, n. 11, 20 ff.

3 Syll.3 1007, 15 ff- Cf. Milet I, 7 n. 204.

4 LGS II 74, D 34 ff. and p. 223–224. Cf. Deubner, L., Abh. Berl. Ak. 1948, p. 4Google Scholar.

5 BCH 1939, p. 184.

6 LGS II, 71.

7 Alexandros 19, 23.

8 Isocrates XIX, 7. Ps.-Arist., Econ. II, 3 a.

9 Athen. II, 40.

10 LGS II, 3 C, 11–15, 43–44. (Syll.3 42). CF.: B. D. Meritt, Hesperia, 1942, p. 295; J. and L. Robert, RÉG 1944, p. 197; SEG X, 6; L. Ziehen, Hermes 1944, p. 217–219; F. R. Walton, Harv. Theol. Rev. 1952, p. 106 ff.

11 IG I2, 313, III, 144–146.

12 Cf. F. R. Walton, op. cit., p. 110–115.

13 LGS II, 98, 11 ff.

14 Jahresh. Oest. 1910, p. 29 ff., Beibl.

15 Abh. Berl. Ak., 1908, p. 22.

16 LGS II,46 ff.

17 BCH, 1899, p. 587.

18 IG V, 2, 516, 15–18.

19 Syll.3 1037.

20 LGS II, 113.

21 BCH 1934, p. 351 ff.

22 Cf.: BCH 1939, p. 184;LGSII, 82; IG II, 1946.

23 Ath. Mitt. 1941, p. 172 A, 4, 6, 14, 28, 33.

24 LGS II, 24.

25 LGS 11,41.

26 LGS II, 132.

27 LGS II, 85 (= Syll.3 1039).

28 IG XII, i, 813. Wilhelm, Eranros 1948, p. 86.

29 BCH 1940–41, p. 166 ff. Cf. Syll.3: 1015; 982. Arch. Rel. W. 1907, p. 21. Maiuri, Nuove Silloge, 441.

30 M. P. Nilsson, Gesch. Griech. Rel. II, 73. Amandry, P., La mantique Apollinienne à Delphes, Paris 1950, p. 88Google Scholar.

31 Mélanges Nicole, p. 624.

32 BCH 1939, p. 216.

33 Hesperia, 1938, p. 3 ff. 1. 29 and 35.

34 BCH 1949, p. 361 ff. RÉG 1951, p. 160, n. 99.

35 LGS II, 102, 6.

36 LGS II, 132, 10.

37 Inscr. Cret. I, Axos, n. 9.

38 Samml. Gr. Dial. Inschr. 5496.

39 Syll.3 982.

40 BCH 1923, p. 243; 1928, p. 193. Cf. Launey, M., Le culte d'Héracles à Thasos, Paris 1946Google Scholar.

41 Syll.3 1011.

42 Syll.3 1014. Cf. M. Segre, Real. 1st. Lombardo, 1937, p. 96 ff.

43 Syll.3 1009. Cf. 1003, 1011.

44 Herzog, Koische Forschungen, n. 10. Cf.: Tebt. Pap. 290, 294, 295; Lund Pap. 9, Hanell, K., Bull. Soc. R. des Lettres de Lund, 1937–38, p. 18Google Scholar.

45 LGS II, 113, 11.

46 Inschr. von Priene 32.

47 Syll.3 1012.

48 Inschr. von Magn. 99, 12.

49 Cf.: SEG IX, 72, 16; Milet I, 7, n. 204.

50 LGS II, 41, 23. Syll.3 1096, 10.

51 LGS II, 46, 38.

52 LGS I, 27, D, 13 ff.

53 SEG V, 529, 17.

54 LGS II, 46, 47.

55 Ferguson, W. S., Orgeonica, Stud. Shear, Hesperia, Supplb. VIII, 1949, p. 134Google Scholar.

56 Mich. Pap. V, p. 96, n. 243, 3. Cf. Harv. Theol. Rev. 1931, p. 40.

57 Tertul., Apologet. 39.

58 Mich. Pap. V, p. 96, n. 243, 10. Cf.: Tebt. Pap. 118, 120, 224, 226, 258; Ox. Pap. 736, III, 36 ff.

59 Tebt. Pap. 209.

60 LGS II, 46, 130 ff.

61 Mich. Pap. V, p. 96 n. 243, 5 ff.

62 IG II, 1215, 16. Cf. A. Wilhelm, Beitr. p. 187.

63 Michel, Recueil Inscr. Gr. 725.

64 Rend. Ace. Pont. 1940–1941, p. 29. Cf. RlSG 1948, p. 187, n. 182.

65 Arist. Oec. 1347, a 14–17.

66 IG I2, 79. Cf. Schlaifer, R., Notes on Athenian cults, Harv. St. Cl. Phil. 1940, P. 237Google Scholar.

67 IG I2, 128. Cf. R. Schlaifer, op. cit., p. 143 ff.

68 IG I2, 127.

69 Hesperia 1936, p. 40. Cf. RÉG 1946–1947, p. 319.

70 SEG IV, 171. Clara Rhodos IX, 1938, p. 211. Cf. Launey, M., Recherches sur les armées hellenistiques, II, p. 930, Paris 1950Google Scholar.

71 Athen. Mitt. 1902, p. 30 ff.

72 LGS II, 140.

73 LGS II, 137.

74 Inscr. Gr. Sept. I, 3303, 3406.

75 LGS II, 139.

76 Jahresh. Oester. 1915, p. 286 ff., Beibl.

77 LGS II, 4. Cf.: Jardé, A., Les céreales dans l'antiquité grecque, Paris 1925, p. 38–40Google Scholar; Rabes, H., Das Eleusinische Zehntgesetz, Leipzig 1924Google Scholar; RÉG 1948, p. I ff.

78 Athen. VI, 234 d ff. Poll. VI, 35. Cf.: R. Schlaifer, op. cit., p. 36; L. Ziehen, RE XVIII, p. 1378–1379.

79 Inschr. von Priene, 312.

80 Herod. III, 57. Ael., v.h. 345.

81 Hal. Pap. 1, XI, 1242–1245. Cf. Pringsheim, F., The Greek law of Sale, p. 143, Weimar 1950Google Scholar.

82 Ryl. Pap. II, 213.

83 Ox. Pap. 917, 1185, 1283, 1436. Ryl. Pap. 213. Wilcken, Ostraca I, p. 151, 222–223. Cf. Sh. L. Wallace, Taxation in Egypt, p. 119, Princeton, 1938. S. Eitrem, Symb. Osl. 1937, p. 26 ff.

84 Wilcken, Ostraca I, p. 146.

85 Wilcken, op. cit., p. 253–255. Wallace, op. cit., p. 245. Museum Helveticum, 1946, p. 246 ff.

86 Inscr. Lindos 419. Cf. RÉG 1942, p. 346, n. 112.