^{page 181 note 1} Some of these works are Stenhouse, T. B. H., Rocky Mountain Saints, London, 1872Google Scholar. Ferris, B. G., Utah and the Mormons, New York, 1854Google Scholar. Gunnison, J. W., The History of the Mormons, Philadelphia, 1852Google Scholar. The notable exception is Bancroft, H. H., History of Utah, San Francisco, 1889, pp. 193–214Google Scholar. Even most of this work deals with the succession of Brigham Young to the head of the Church. A projected work by this writer Deseret, Brigham Young's Empire will cover this phase of Mormon endeavor more fully.

^{page 181 note 2} Contrary to the popular assumption, there are three important branches of the original Church extant today. The “Brighamites” or Utah branch is the best known and the one commonly called Mormon. It represents the followers of Brigham Young and has well over a half million adherents. The next largest group are the “Josephites” or the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints. Their leader is the lineal descendant of Joseph Smith. The first born male in each generation succeeds to the head of the Church at the death of his father. This branch never espoused polygamy, nor entered Utah. Its membership is little less than one hundred thousand. The “Hedrickites” or “Temple Lot Mormons” are officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ. Their membership which is only a few hundred, owns the Temple Lot. It is there, say the Latter Day Saints that Jesus, the Christ, will come again.

^{page 182 note 3} Kane, T. L., The Mormons, a Discourse, Philadelphia, 1850Google Scholar, gives a good picture of the City, Nauvoo as it was built by Young and Smith.

^{page 182 note 4} To the Latter Day Saints, all non-believers are gentiles. In the Mormon communities of Utah a Jew would be a gentile.

^{page 182 note 5} The Mormons in the early days used interchangeably the church tithes and the public revenue to promote both the general welfare and the program of the Church. To them, they were identical. When they set up this system in Utah the non-Mormon resented the fact deeply.

^{page 182 note 6} This latter fact was true, but vehemently denied by the Latter Day Saints. It was not until 1852, in the Utah Territory that the membership announced to the world that they believed in the doctrine of plural marriage.

^{page 182 note 7} It was fifteen years to the day since the founding of the Church.

^{page 183 note 8} This document can be found in the Bancroft Library at the University of California.

^{page 183 note 1} This proclamation was issued under the name of the Twelve Apostles. At the death of Joseph Smith, the Twelve assumed the stewardship of the Church. The hierarchy of the priesthood might not be remiss at this point. At the head is the First Presidency which consists of the President and his two chosen councillors, who may or may not be apostles. These councillors' terms of office are at the pleasure of the President. Next in line are the Twelve Apostles, the eldest of whom in order of appointment is the first in succession to the Presidency. Then in line follow the seventies, elders, priests, teachers, deacons, etc. All officers of the Church are sustained by a display of hands by the membership at the semi-annual conferences.

^{page 183 note 2} At this time, the Latter Day Saints believed that the Angels were able to assume bodily form and preach the gospel to all men. Said one of the foremost Mormon apologists, Parley P. Pratt, “Angels are of the same race as men. They are in fact, men who have passed from the rudimental state to the higher spheres of progressive being. They have died and risen to life, and are consequently possessed of a divine human body of flesh and bones, immortal and eternal. They eat, drink, sing, and converse, like other men. Some of them hold the keys of Apostleship and Priesthood by which they teach, instruct, bless, and perform miracles and mighty works.” Parley P. Pratt, Key to Science of Theology, Liverpool, 1855, p. 110.

^{page 183 note 3} “And now behold there are others who are called to declare my gospel, both unto Gentile and unto Jew; yea, even twelve; and the twelve shall be my disciples, and they shall take upon them my name; and the twelve are they who shall take upon them my name with full purpose of heart; and if they desire to take upon them my name, with full purpose of heart they are called to go unto all the world to preach my gospel unto every creature …” — The Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Christ of Latter Day Saints: Carefully selected from the Revelations of God by Smith, Joseph, Nauvoo, Illinois, 1845Google Scholar, Section XLIII, verse 5.

^{page 184 note 4} The Millennial Star at Liverpool, England, 1840–1942, the contemporary official organ of the English Saints, contains many instances of calamities, miracles, and speaking in tongues, all of which were taken as portents that those were indeed the last days.

^{page 184 note 5} By the “laying on of hands” the elders of the Church anoint the brow and head of the afflicted person with consecrated olive oil and in the name of Jesus Christ command the person to be made well and whole.

^{page 184 note 6} The recognition of these demons is easily discernible, said one noted Mormon apostle. “A person on looking another in the eye, who is possessed of an evil spirit will feel a shock, a nervous feeling which will, as it were, make his hair stand on end; in short a shock resembling that produced in a nervous system by the sight of a serpent. Some of these foul spirits when possessing a person will cause a disagreeable smell about the person thus possessed, which will be plainly manifest to the senses of those about him, even though the person thus affected should be washed and change his clothes every few minutes.” Pratt, Parley P., Key to Science of Theology, Liverpool, 1855, p. 116Google Scholar.

^{page 184 note 7} The above noted theologian stated that a religion that did not have modern revelation was not of God. “That ministry which sets aside modern inspiration, revelation, prophecy, angels, visions, healings, etc., is not ordained of God; but is Anti-Christian in spirit.” Ibid., p. 109.

^{page 185 note 8} A believer in going through the temple is given secret ordination or “anointings” which gives him spiritual authority which is not possessed by one who has not had the experience.

^{page 185 note 9} “There are many systems of religion in the world, but only one can be correct, for the simple reason that there is but one God for the inhabitants of the earth to worship and obey. … We may invent and arrange methods of worship imagine and think out doctrines and formulate and enforce creeds, but they are of no value as a means of salvation. God must be approached and served in the way which he ordains, or the worship and service will not be accepted.” Penrose, C. W., Mormon Doctrine, Salt Lake, 1882, pp. 10–11Google Scholar. Of course, Mormonism is the only way to salvation.

^{page 185 note 10} Book of Mormon.

^{page 185 note 11} One of the first acts of Joseph Smith after organizing the Church in 1830, was to send Elders of the Church as missionaries to the Indians. It was believed that if they were apprised of their past greatness, they would welcome the opportunity to embrace fellowship with the Mormons; but the results were most disappointing. Very few ever did become affiliated with the Mormons.

^{page 185 note 12} The April, 1939, issue of Primitive Man, a quarterly Bulletin of Anthropology, issued by Catholic University, Washington, D. C, has an interesting and illuminating article about one entire tribe of Indians, who in the 80's became Mormons. “The whole Catawba group, we are told, was ready to embrace the Mormon faith since it taught them they were prodigal Israelites, ready to fulfill the prophecies of Moroni, through Joseph Smith. The event of a mass conversion of the tribe to the Mormon Church is, I am assured, one unequalled in the history of Indian missions.” Frank G. Speck, “Catawba Religious Beliefs, Mortuary Customs and Dances” in Primitive Man, p. 25, April, 1939.

^{page 185 note 13} The location of this holy city has changed with the vicissitudes of the Saints. The first site was Zion, near Independence, Missouri. This spot is considered to be the place to which the greatness of the Lord will descend upon His second coming. This bare plot of land is the Mecca of Mormondom and the varied offshoots of the parent stock have litigated long and loud for possession. At the present time, it is owned by the Hedrickites, or “Temple Lot Mormons” whose membership rims less than a thousand. Other holy cities, but not of the first order, are Palmyra, New York, where Joseph Smith received his first mandate from God; Kirtland, Ohio, the site of the first temple; Nauvoo, Illinois, famous for its temple; and Salt Lake City, the destination of the Utah Mormons after the death of their Prophet.

^{page 186 note 14} It is interesting to note that at the same conference which issued this proclamation, the membership voted to change the name of Nauvoo to “City of Joseph” in honor of their founder.

^{page 186 note 15} In March, 1832, the Lord interpreted to Joseph Smith the Revelation of John, Chapter XI. In it He made clear that Jerusalem was to be rebuilt by the Jews. “Q. What is to be understood by the two witnesses in the eleventh Chapter of Revelation?” A. “They are two prophets that are to be raised up to the Jewish nation in the last days at the time of the restoration and to prophesy to the Jews after they are gathered and have built the City of Jerusalem in the land of their fathers.” Doctrine and Covenants, Salt Lake, 1941, Section 78, Verse 15.

^{page 186 note 16} The Lord had stated that the Gospel was to be preached unto all races that “* * * * the word may go forth the ends of the earth, unto the Gentiles first and then behold and lo, they shall turn unto the Jews.” Ibid., Section 90, Verse 9. The first missionary sent to Jerusalem in 1840 was Orson Hyde, a Jewish convert. He rose high in the councils of the Church eventually becoming an apostle.

^{page 186 note 17} To the Mormons, all unbelievers are Gentiles.

^{page 186 note 18} The Church was organized on April 6, 1830, and with but one exception were members of either the Smith or Whitmer families. The six founders were Joseph Smith, Jun., Hyrum Smith, Samuel H. Smith, Peter Whitmer, Jun., David Whitmer, and Oliver Cowdery. With the exception of the Smiths the others eventually lost their fellowship in the Church.

^{page 187 note 19} The murders of the Prophet and his brother came ironically at a most opportune time. Disaffection strong and bitter had risen among the Mormons, but with minor exceptions, the brethren felt that only in unity could they withstand an hostile world.

^{page 187 note 20} It is interesting to note that long afterwards, Queen Victoria was presented a most ornate copy of the Book of Mormon by the faithful.

^{page 187 note 21} These traveling elders were called from the membership to labor in the ministry of the gospel without purse or scrip. Said one of these, “at the time we were set apart, Brother Heber [C. Kimball, a member of the first Presidency] forbid us taking either money, watches, rings, or chains of gold or silver, but told us to go literally without purse or scrip.” Labours in the Vineyard, Salt Lake, 1884, p. 10.

^{page 188 note 22} Later, the Mormons in Utah tried to elevate the lot of the Red man by proposing that the elders marry the daughters of the chiefs of the Utah Indians. The Indians were acquiescent, but stated that their braves should also take Mormon women as wives. The negotiations broke down.

^{page 189 note 23} This became literally true in the ensuing years. Persecution and animosities so enveloped the Saints that they soon came to feel that all men were against them and their works.

^{page 189 note 24} It was not until 1889 that the Mormons translated the Book of Mormon into the modern Jewish language.

^{page 189 note 25} All the Church publications of the time and long afterwards recounted at great length the tragedies and disasters of the world. Mormonism throve on the calamities of the world. The traveling missionary was quick to drive home the point that only in Zion would be found a sanctuary for those sorely troubled.

^{page 190 note 26} The Latter Day Saints have always been bitterly opposed to employing a paid clergy. Said one of the earliest apologists, “I say in the name of Jesus Christ, the Holy Ghost having borne witness that the anger of God is kindled against the abominations, hypocrisy and wickedness of the religious world, and from the heavens has he uttered his voice in anger against those who ‘divine for money and teach for hire’ and unless they speedily repent, and be baptised for the remission of their sins, receiving the Message the Almighty is now sending unto all people, they will be destroyed by the brightness of the coming of the Son of Man, which is now at hand — even at your doors — O ye inhabitants of the earth.” Lorenzo Snow, One Way to be Saved, Liverpool, 1855.

^{page 190 note 27} In a revelation Zion was located as follows: “And now, behold, I say unto you that it is not revealed, and no man knoweth where the city Zion shall be built, but it shall be given hereafter. Behold, I say unto you that it shall be on the borders by the Lamanites.” [The American Indians]. Doctrine and Covenants, Salt Lake, 1921, Section 28 Verse 9.

^{page 191 note 28} Of course, this is a far cry from the Pan-American agreements of today, but at least the idea is far advanced for its day.

^{page 192 note 29} At this time the Latter Day Saints had been driven from Palmyra, New York; Kirtland, Ohio; Independence and Far West, Missouri. Their tenure in Nauvoo, Illinois, had become precarious and so this might be considered their last appeal before finally being driven to the Rocky Mountains in Mexican Territory, where despite themselves, they found that through the results of the Mexican War, they were still citizens of a territory of the United States.

^{page 192 note 30} Never had the Mormons been successful in recovering the lands involuntarily relinquished nor the cash equivalent.

^{page 192 note 31} Perhaps one of the most remarkable statements, say the Mormons, of Joseph Smith was given when he forecast the American Civil War. Said he, on December 25, 1832:

“ 1. Verily thus saith the Lord concerning the wars that will shortly come to pass beginning at the rebellion of South Carolina, which will eventually terminate in the death and misery of many souls.

2. And the time will come that war will be poured out upon all nations beginning at this place.

3. For behold, the Southern States shall be divided against the Northern States, and the Southern States will call on other nations, even the nation of Great Britain as it is called and thus shall also call upon the nations in order to defend themselves against other nations and then war shall be poured out upon all nations.

4. And it shall come to pass after many days, slaves shall rise up against their masters who shall be marshalled and disciplined for war.” When it is remembered that this prophecy appeared a month after South Carolina had stated her famous resolutions on nullification, the statement of Joseph Smith loses much of its force. It might have been popular conjecture.

^{page 193 note 32} A most interesting article on the rôle of the Churches on this phase, of manifest destiny as expressed in the Mexican War which broke out shortly after, is C. S. Ellsworth, “American Churches and the Mexican War” in the American Historical Review, January, 1940, pp. 391 ff.

^{page 193 note 33} At this time, the population of the United States was fifty-five million people. Cherokee Advocate, May 29, 1845.

^{page 193 note 34} This phase of vivifying the desolate wastelands had long been cherished by the Saints. Scarcely had Brigham Young successfully guided the pioneer party to the Utah deserts when he called upon his brethren throughout the world to people the mountainous region. “… to the Saints—we say emigrate as speedily as possible to this vicinity … bringing with you all kinds of choice seeds of grain, vegetables, fruits, shrubberies, and vines, everything that will please the eye, gladden the heart, or cheer the soul of man that grows upon the face of the whole earth. Also the best stock of beast, bird, and fowl of every kind; also the best tool of every description … and every implement and article within their knowledge that shall tend to promote the comfort, health, and happiness of any people …” D. C. McMurtrie, The General Epistle of the Latter Day Saints, Chicago, 1935, p. 5.

^{page 195 note 35} Brigham Young knew full well that his followers must not look back but view with a steady determination toward the day when Zion would be triumphant. One might mourn the loss of the Prophet Joseph, yet the edifice which he started must be so beautifully completed that it would be worthy of the Most High. Despite the intense antagonism of their neighbors, the Mormons completed a structure worthy of their aspiration. The day of dedication was one of great rejoicing and amid the resplendent fixtures they dedicated the building to their God. They dismantled the ornaments and insignia of their faith. They had been exiled from the city of their own building.

^{page 195 note 36} At a later date, the Church authorities found it much cheaper to publish their works in England and trans-ship them to America to Utah territory. From the founding of Utah to the trans-continental railroad, most of the doctrinal works of the Brethren were published in the British Isles.

^{page 195 note 37} The first missionaries to Germany did not arrive until the 1850's when they were treated with scant courtesy, and ordered out of the country.

^{page 196 note 38} I am informed by Antoine Ivins, President of the Seventies, Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints, that the first attempts to do work in the Spanish speaking fields was in the latter part of the 60's.

^{page 196 note 39} The first attempt in Sandwich Islands failed miserably. George Q. Cannon, in 1850, was the first successful missionary. His converts were numbered in the thousands. In addition he was the first to translate the Book of Mormon, in the Hawaiian tongue.

^{page 196 note 40} A perusal of the Cherokee Advocate for the year, 1845, failed to disclose any mention of this proclamation in the English tongue.

^{page 196 note 41} Mr. Sam Brannon later (1846) led a goodly assemblage of New York Saints on the sea trip to California, via the Brooklyn where they settled Yerba Buena which became the City of San Francisco.

^{page 197 note 42} Less than three months later, the Mormons were driven from Nauvoo and started on their last long trek to the Rocky Mountains, where they founded the great state of Utah.