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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 October 2024
Writing in the first century ce, Columella delineates farming practice based on personal experience and observation. Roman attitudes towards slavery, truth, and torture are highlighted in a particularly graphic description of preparing the soil for sowing.
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3 As with a military inventory, Virgil (G. 161–6) goes on to list these implements: share, plough, wagons, threshing sledge, mattocks, baskets, winnowing fan.
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6 labor omnia uicit / improbus, ‘insatiable toil dominated everything’, Verg. G. 1.145 and Thomas (n. 1), 92–3.
7 J. E. Merceron, ‘Cooks, Social Status, and Stereotypes of Violence in Medieval French Literature and Society’, Romania 116.461/462 (1/2) (1998), 180.
8 A. Doody, ‘Virgil the Farmer? Critiques of the Georgics in Columella and Pliny’, CPh 102.2 (2007), 196.
9 Ash (n. 5), 332.
10 G. Lee (ed.), The Poems of Catullus (Oxford, 1990), 55.
11 J. N. Adams, The Latin Sexual Vocabulary (London, 1982), 145.
12 Ibid., 154.
13 E. Gloyn, ‘Reading Rape in Ovid's Metamorphoses: a Test-case Lesson’, CW 106.4 (2013), 679.
14 Adams (n. 11), 154.
15 ‘…humiliation may be inflicted on an enemy or malefactor, or one's rank asserted [my italics], by a sexual violation, particularly pedicatio (‘anal intercourse’)’, Adams (n. 11), 124.
16 Pagán, V. E., ‘Teaching Torture in Seneca Controversiae 2.5’, CJ 103.2 (2007–8), 176Google Scholar.
17 Bernstein, N. W. ‘“Torture Her Until She Lies”: Torture, Testimony, and Social Status in Roman Rhetorical Education’, G&R 59.2 (2012), 166Google Scholar.
18 Ibid., 171.
19 Mallan, C. T., ‘The Rape of Lucretia in Cassius Dio's Roman History’, CQ 64.2 (2014), 766CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
20 Carucci, M., ‘The Spectacle of Justice in the Roman Empire’, in Hekster, O. and Verboven, K., (eds.), The Impact of Justice on the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire, Gent June 21–24 2017 (Leiden, 2019), 214Google Scholar.
21 Pagán (n. 16), 176.