Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T05:10:11.820Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Japan’s Politics of Interdependence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

Extract

THIS ARTICLE DESCRIBES AND ILLUSTRATES HOW JAPAN conceives the political meaning of many kinds of interdependence and uses this concept to advance what it considers to be its national interests and global interests without upsetting the balance of world interdependence. ‘Interdependence’ means the mutual vulnerability and sensitivity of all governing-cum-economic units in the world. ‘The politics of interdependence’ means, then, how actors make strategic use of interdependence with enough self-restraint not to jeopardize the system of interdependence itself. Thus ‘Japan's politics of interdependence’ means how Japan makes strategic use of interd pendence guided by its own standards of conduct. In this sense, this article is an attempt to combine the following two intellectual traditions: the interdependence literature and the economic statecraft literature to define Japan's politics of interdependence. First, I will summarize three principles of Japan's political conceptualization of interdependence. Then I will illustrate them by some recent examples. Thirdly, prospects for Japan's politics of interdependence will be briefly discussed along with some discussion on the lines of research to be further explored.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Government and Opposition Ltd 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Jr, Power and Interdependence, Boston, Mass., Little, Brown & Co., 1977 Google Scholar.

2 G. Ionescu, ‘On the Development of both Democracy and Political Science under the Impact of Interdependence’, paper presented at conference on ‘Democracy and the Development of Political Science’, Barcelona, 15–18 May 1990.

3 Cooper, Richard, Joseph, S., The Economics of Interdependence, New York, Free Press, 1968 Google Scholar; Keohane and Nye, op. cit.; Drysdale, Peter, International Economic Pluralism: Economic Policy in East Asia and the Pacific, Sydney, Allen & Unwin, 1988 Google Scholar.

4 Viner, Jacob, ‘Power versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, World Politics, Vol. I, 10 1948, pp. 129 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Krasner, Stephen, Defending the National Interest, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1976 Google Scholar; Katzentstein, Peter, Between Power and Plenty, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1978 Google Scholar; Baldwin, David, Economic Statecraft, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1985 Google Scholar; Rosecrance, Richard, The Rise of the Trading State, New York, Basic Books, 1987 Google Scholar.

5 T. J. Pempel, ‘Japanese Foreign Economic Policy’, in Peter J. Katzenstein (ed.), Between Power and Plenty, op. cit.; Inoguchi, Takashi, ‘Japan’s Images and Options: Not a Challenger, But a Supporter’, Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 1986, pp. 95119 Google Scholar; Inoguchi, Takashi, ‘Four Japanese Scenarios for the Future’, International Affairs, Vol. 65, No. 1, Winter 1988–89, pp. 1528 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Inoguchi, Takashi, ‘Shaping and Sharing Pacific Dynamism’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, No. 505, 09 1989, pp. 4655 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Inoguchi, Takashi and Okimoto, Daniel I. (eds), The Political Economy of Japan, Vol. 2: The Changing International Context, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1988 Google Scholar; Nester, William, Japan’s Coming to Power over East Asia and the World, London, Macmillan, 1989 Google Scholar.

6 Peter Katzenstein, Between Power and Plenty, op. cit.; Katzenstein, Peter, Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1985 Google Scholar; Gourevitch, Peter A., Politics at Hard Times: Comparative Responses to International Economic Crisis, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1987 Google Scholar. Rogowski, Ronald, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1990 Google Scholar.

7 Beaseley, W. G., ‘The Foreign Threat and the Opening of the Ports’ in Jansen, Marius (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5: The Nineteenth Century, Cambridge, Cambridge University 1989, pp. 259307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Akira Iriye, ‘Japan’s Drive to Great-power Status’, ibid., pp.721–82.

8 Samuels, Richard, The Business of the Japanese State, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1987 Google Scholar; Okimoto, Daniel I., Between MITI and the Market: Japanese Industrial Policy for High Technology, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1988 Google Scholar; Friedman, David, Misunderstood Miracle, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1986 Google Scholar.

9 R. Rogowski, op. cit.

10 T. Inoguchi, ‘Trade, Technology and Security’ and ‘Four Japanes Scenarios for the Future’, op. cit.

11 Zysman, John, Governments, Markets, and Growth, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1983 Google Scholar; Zysman, John and Cohen, Stephen, Manufacturing Matters: The Myth of the Post-Industrial Economy, New York, Basic Books, 1987 Google Scholar; Johnson, Chalmers et al., Politics and Productivity: How Japan’s Development Strategy Works, Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger, 1989 Google Scholar.

12 Saxonhouse, Gary, ‘The Micro- and Macro-economics of Foreign Sales to Japan’ in Cline, William (ed.), Trade Policy for the 1980s, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1988, pp. 157–93Google Scholar; Gary Saxonhouse, ‘Comparative Advantage, Structural Adaptation and Japanese Performance’, in Inoguchi and Okimoto (eds), op. cit.

13 Johnson, Chalmers, MITI and the Miracle of Japan, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1983 Google Scholar; Yasuba, Yasukichi and Yamamura, Kozo (eds), The Political Economy of Japan, Vol. 1: The Domestic Transformation, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1987 Google Scholar; Chalmers Johnson et al., op. cit.

14 Chalmers Johnson, op. cit.; Chalmers Johnson et al., op. cit.; Richard Samuels, op. cit.; Okimoto, Daniel I., ‘Political Inclusivity’, in Inoguchi, T. and Okimoto, D. I. (eds), The Political Economy of Japan Vol. 2: The Changing International Context, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1988, pp. 305–44Google Scholar.

15 Calder, Kent, ‘Japanese Foreign Economic Formation: Explaining the Reactive State’, World Politics, Vol. XL, No. 4, 07 1988, pp. 517–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Calder, Kent, Crisis and Compensation: Public Policy and Political Stability in Japan, 1949–1986, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1989 Google Scholar.

16 Richard Samuels, op. cit.; David Friedman, op. cit.

17 Johnson, Chalmers, ‘Sino-Japanese Relations, 1972–1985’, in Ellison, Herbert (ed.), The Sino-Soviet Conflict and the Pacific Quadrille, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1987, pp. 5773 Google Scholar; Kojima, Tomoyuki, Kawariyuku Chugoku no seiji shakai (The Changing Political Society in China), Tokyo, Seri shobo, 1989 Google Scholar; Segal, Gerald and Tanaka, Akihiko (eds), China’s Reforms in Crisis, London, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1990 Google Scholar; Whiting, Allen, China Eyes at Japan, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1989 Google Scholar.

18 Newby, Laura, Sino-Japanese Relations: China’s Perspectives, London, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1988 Google Scholar; T. Inoguchi, ‘Four Japanese Scenarios for the Future’, op. cit.; Xuewen, Wu (ed.), Shizilukou de Riben (Japan at the Crossroads), Beijing, Shishi chupansche, 1988 Google Scholar.

19 T. Inoguchi, ‘Shaping and Sharing Pacific Dynamism’, op. cit.

20 Vogel, Ezra, One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong Under Reform, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1989 Google Scholar.

21 JETRO (Japan External Trade Organization), Chogoku: Jiang Zemin take iko go no seiji keizai (China: Its Political Economy since the Transition to the Jiang Zemin Regime), Tokyo, JETRO, 1990.

22 ibid.

23 T. Kojima, op. cit.

24 ibid.

25 Okita, Saburo, Japan in the World Economy of the 1980s, Tokyo, University of Tokyo Press. 1989 Google Scholar.

26 Inoguchi, Takashi, ‘Japan’s Images and Options: Not a Challenger, But a SupporterJournal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 1986, pp. 95119 Google Scholar; T. Inoguchi, ‘Trade, Technology and Security’, op. cit.; T. Inoguchi, ‘Four Japanese Scenarios for the Future’, op. cit.; Inoguchi, T., ‘Nichi-Bei kankei no rinen to kozo’ (The Ideas and Structures of Japan-US Relations), Leviathan: The Japanese Journal of Political Science, No. 5, Autumn 1989, pp. 739 Google Scholar; Inoguchi and Okimoto, op. cit.

27 Lincoln, Edward, Japan: Facing Economic Maturity, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution, 1989 Google Scholar; Lincoln, Edward, Unequal Trade, Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution, 1990 Google Scholar.

28 T. Inoguchi, ‘Four Japanese Scenarios for the Future’, op. cit.

29 T. Inoguchi, ‘The Emergence of the Predominant Faction: Domestic Changes and their Security Implications’, paper presented at conference on ‘Beyond the Cold War in the Pacific’, San Diego, California, 7–9 June 1990.

30 T. Inoguchi, ‘Nichi-Bei kankei no rinen to kozo’, op. cit.; D. I. Okimoto, ‘Political Inclusivity’, op. cit.

31 K. Calder, op. cit

32 T. Inoguchi, ‘Trade, Technology and Security’, op. cit.

33 T. Inoguchi, ‘Shaping and Sharing Pacific Dynamism’, op. cit.

34 T. Inoguchi, ‘Japanese Responses to Europe 1992: Implications for the United States’, paper presented to conference on Europe 1992, Washington, D.C., 4–6 October 1989.

35 T. Inoguchi, ibid.

36 Nikon keizai shimbun, evening edition, 16 November 1989. The Polish State News Agency reported on the results of the opinion poll conducted in November 1989.

37 Asahi shimbun, morning edition, 14 July 1990.

38 Bienefeld, Manfred and Godfrey, Martin (eds), The Struggle for Development, New York, Wiley, 1982 Google Scholar.

39 Hamada, Koichi, The Political Economy of International Monetary Interdependence, Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 1985 Google Scholar.

40 Johnson, Chalmers, ‘Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relations in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan’, in Deyo, Frederic (ed.), The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1986, pp. 136–64Google Scholar.