Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T06:15:35.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Merkel's Germany and the European Union: Between Emergency and the Rule of Rules

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2019

Stefan Auer*
Affiliation:
School of Modern Languages and Cultures, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
*
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The European Union is caught between technocracy and the politics of the exception, eroding in the process the very political sphere that makes democracy work. Partly a cause of this erosion and partly an effect, the EU retreats into the ‘rule of rules’ when faced with what are, in fact, profoundly political problems. Whether it be in response to the eurozone crisis, EU–Russia–Ukraine relations or the influx of refugees, the EU's policies led to conflicts over geopolitics, sovereignty and redistribution. Its apolitical responses were as ubiquitous as they were inadequate. They reflect Germany's preference for consensual politics, which is paradoxically enforced by Angela Merkel's dictum about there being ‘no alternative’. In order to think of alternatives to the Europe that exists, we need to revive ‘the political’, theorized by the likes of Carl Schmitt, Max Weber and Hannah Arendt at times when democracy was under duress.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2019. Published by Government and Opposition Limited and Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, R (2018) Die Getriebenen: Merkel und die Flüchtlingspolitik. Munich: Penguin.Google Scholar
Allers, R (2016) The Framework Nation: Can Germany Lead on Security? International Affairs 92(5), 11671187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arendt, H (1960) Vita Activa oder vom tätigen Leben. Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer.Google Scholar
Arendt, H (1998) The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arendt, H (2003) Responsibility and Judgment. New York: Schocken.Google Scholar
Arendt, H (2018) Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 1953–1975. New York: Schocken.Google Scholar
Auer, S (2010) Whose Europe is it Anyway: Habermas's New Europe and its Critics. Telos 152, 181191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, S (2015) Carl Schmitt in the Kremlin: The Ukraine Crisis and the Return of Geopolitics. International Affairs 91(5), 953968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, S (2017) Brexit, Sovereignty and the End of an Ever Closer Union. In Outhwaite, W (ed.), Brexit: Sociological Responses. London: Anthem, pp. 4154.Google Scholar
Beck, U (2012) Das deutsche Europa. Berlin: Suhrkamp.Google Scholar
Bickerton, C (2018) Beyond the European Void? Reflections on Peter Mair's Legacy. European Law Journal, 24, 268280. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bickerton, C, Hodson, D and Puetter, U (2015) The New Intergovernmentalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Böckenförde, EW (2017) Constitutional and Political Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogdandy, A (2017) Von der technokratischen Rechtsgemeinschaft zum politisierten Rechtsraum. MPIL Research Paper Series 12.Google Scholar
Bohrer, KH (2011) Projekt Kleinstaat. Merkur 747, 661669.Google Scholar
Bollman, R (2015) Angela Merkel: Traumfrau. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 9 November.Google Scholar
Börzel, T and Risse, T (2018) From the Euro to the Schengen Crises: European Integration Theories, Politicization, and Identity Politics. Journal of European Public Policy 25(1), 83108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunnermeier, MK, James, H and Landau, JP (2016) The Euro and the Battle of Ideas. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browning, CS (2018) Geostrategies, Geopolitics and Ontological Security in the Eastern Neighbourhood. Political Geography 62, 106115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulmer, S and Paterson, WE (2010) Germany and the European Union: From ‘Tamed Power’ to Normalized Power? International Affairs 86(5), 10511073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulmer, S and Paterson, WE (2019) Germany and the European Union: Europe's Reluctant Hegemon? London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canovan, M (1999) Lasting Institutions: Arendtian Thoughts on Nations and Republics. Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 21(2), 133151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caporaso, J (2018) Europe's Triple Crisis and the Uneven Role of Institutions: The Euro, Refugees and Brexit. Journal of Common Market Studies 56(6), 13451361. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, P (2014) Exodus: How Migration is Changing Our World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, RA (1965). Reflections on Opposition in Western Democracies. Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics 1(1), 724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Wilde, P and Lord, C (2016) Assessing Actually-Existing Trajectories of EU Politicization. West European Politics 39(1), 145163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dieckmann, F (2001) Sie war eine sehr schöne Währung. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 1 December.Google Scholar
Dyson, K and Maes, I (2016) Architects of the Euro. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichel, H et al. (2018) We are Deeply Concerned About the Future of Europe and Germany. Handelsblatt, 25 October. https://global.handelsblatt.com/opinion/europe-unity-future-habermas-koch-merz-zypries-975335Google Scholar
Frankenberger, KD (2018) Halluzinationen. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 20 August.Google Scholar
Geyer, S (2017) Angela Merkel im Interview ‘Die, die brüllen, haben kein Interesse mehr zuzuhören’. Berliner Zeitung, 12 September.Google Scholar
Grimm, D (2016) Europa ja – aber welches? Munich: C.H. Beck.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habermas, J (2001) Postnational Constellation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Habermas, J (2012) The Crisis of the European Union. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Habermas, J (2015) The Lure of Technocracy. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Hellman, G (2015) Im offensiven Mittelfield – Deutschlands neue Spielmacher-Rolle in der europäischen Politik. Die Zeitschrift für Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik (ZfAS) (Suppl)8, 473491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, W (2014) The Politics of the Eurozone Crisis: The Puzzle Behind the German Consensus. German Politics and Society 32(2), 7085.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, W (2017) Grand Coalitions and Democratic Dysfunction: Two Warnings from Central Europe. Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics 52(2), 329355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joerges, C (2016) What is Left of the European Economic Constitution II? In Kjaer, PF and Olsen, N (eds), Critical Theories of Crisis in Europe: From Weimar to the Euro. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 143160.Google Scholar
Joerges, C (2018) Si Tacuisses, Philosophus Mansisses. Why the OMT Controversy is Undecidable? Ordines 2, 1828.Google Scholar
Joffe, J (2017) Germany's Boring Election Is Nothing to Snore At. Wall Street Journal, 10 September.Google Scholar
Jones, DM (2005) Peace Through Conversation. National Interest 79, 93100.Google Scholar
Jones, E (2018) European Economic Governance Reform: Moving Past Power Politics. Funcas SEFO 7(1), 6576.Google Scholar
Jones, E and Matthijs, M (2017) Democracy Without Solidarity: Political Dysfunction in Hard Times. Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics 52(2), 185210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirchheimer, O (1965) Germany: The Vanishing Opposition. In Dahl, RA (ed.), Political Opposition in Western Democracies. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 237259.Google Scholar
Korosteleva, EA et al. (2017) ‘The Political’ and the ENP. In Gstöhl, S et al. (eds), Theorizing the European Neighbourhood Policy. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 226243.Google Scholar
Krastev, I (2017) After Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreuder-Sonnen, C (2018) An Authoritarian Turn in Europe and European Studies? Journal of European Public Policy 25(3), 452464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriesi, H (2016) The Politicization of European Integration. Journal of Common Market Studies 54(3), 3247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kundnani, H (2014) The Paradox of German Power. London: Hurst.Google Scholar
Kuzio, T (2017) Ukraine Between a Constrained EU and Assertive Russia. Journal of Common Market Studies 55(1), 103120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohse, E (2015) Der ganz normale Ausnahmezustand. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 23 November.Google Scholar
Mair, P (2007) Political Opposition and the European Union. Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics 42(1), 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mair, P (2013) Ruling the Void: The Hollowing of Western Democracy. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Majone, G (2014) Rethinking the Union of Europe Post-Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, D (2011) The Euro: The Battle for the New Global Currency. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Maull, HW (2018) Reflective, Hegemonic, Geo-Economic, Civilian …? The Puzzle of German Power. German Politics 27(4), 460478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarlane, N and Menon, A (2014) The EU and Ukraine. Survival 56(3), 95101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middelaar, Lv (2016) The Return of Politics: The European Union after the Crises in the Eurozone and Ukraine. Journal of Common Market Studies 54(3), 495507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D (2016) Strangers in Our Midst: The Political Philosophy of Migration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mounk, Y (2018) Angela Merkel's Vision Problem. Foreign Affairs, 2 November, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2018-11-02/angela-merkels-vision-problemGoogle Scholar
Moyn, S (2017) Concepts of the Political in Twentieth-Century European Thought. In Meierhenrich, J and Simons, O (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 291311.Google Scholar
Mudde, C (2016) Europe's Populist Surge. Foreign Affairs 95(6), 2530.Google Scholar
Mueller, JW (2018) Angela Merkel Failed. Foreign Policy, 31 October, https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/10/31/angela-merkel-failed.Google Scholar
Nicolaïdis, K (2017) Brexit as a Myth: Exodus, Reckoning, or Sacrifice. Standpoint, July/August.Google Scholar
Nicolaïdis, K and Watson, M (2016) Sharing the Eurocrats’ Dream. In Chalmers, D, Jachtenfuchs, M and Joerges, C (eds), The End of Eurocrats' Dream. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 5077.Google Scholar
Nida-Rümelin, J (2017) Über Grenzen denken: Eine Ethik der Migration. Hamburg: Körber-Stiftung.Google Scholar
Nugent, N (2018) Brexit: Yet Another Crisis for the EU. In Martill, B and Staiger, U (eds), Brexit and Beyond: Rethinking the Futures of Europe. London: UCL Press, pp. 5462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Offe, C (2017) Germany: What Happens Next? Social Europe, 3 October, www.socialeurope.eu/germany-happens-next.Google Scholar
Palmer, B (2017) Wir können nicht allen helfen. Munich: Siedler.Google Scholar
Paterson, WE (2011) The Reluctant Hegemon? Germany Moves Centre Stage in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies 49(1), 5775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rankin, J (2017) EU Could Scrap Refugee Quota Scheme. Guardian, 11 December.Google Scholar
Scharpf, FW (2014) No Exit from the Euro-Rescuing Trap?. MPIfG Discussion Paper 14/4.Google Scholar
Schmitt, C (2007) The Concept of the Political. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarz, H-P (1985) Die Gezähmten Deutschen: Von der Machtbesessenheit zur Machtvergessenheit. Munich: DVA.Google Scholar
Schwarz, H-P (2017) Die neue Völkerwanderung nach Europa. Munich: DVA.Google Scholar
Scicluna, N (2015) European Union Constitutionalism in Crisis. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Scicluna, N and Auer, S (2019) From the Rule of Law to the Rule of Rules: Technocracy and the Crisis of EU Governance. West European Politics, forthcoming.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streeck, W (2015) Why the Euro Divides Europe. New Left Review 95, 526.Google Scholar
Streeck, W (2016a) Merkels neue Kleider. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 3 May.Google Scholar
Streeck, W (2016b) Scenario for a Wonderful Tomorrow. London Review of Books 38(7), 710.Google Scholar
Streeck, W (2017) What About Capitalism? Jürgen Habermas's Project of a European Democracy. European Political Science 16(2), 246253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, TB (2012) Politics Without Vision: Thinking Without a Banister in the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szabó, M (2006) Politics versus the Political. Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory 7(1), 2742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsoukalis, L (1997) The New Political Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ulrich, B (2017) Deutschland – ein Land wie keines. Die Zeit, 16 August.Google Scholar
Vollrath, E (1995) Hannah Arendt: A German-American Jewess Views the United States – and Looks Back to Germany. In Kielmansegg, P et al. (eds), Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 4558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollrath, E (2003) Was ist das Politische? Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.Google Scholar
Weber, M (2004) The Vocation Lectures. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Weiler, J (2011) The Political and Legal Culture of European Integration. I CON 9(3–4), 678694.Google Scholar
Wessels, W (2003) The German Debate on European Finality: Visions and Missions. In Serfaty, S (ed.), The European Finality Debate and Its National Dimensions. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, pp. 133160.Google Scholar
White, J (2015) Emergency Europe. Political Studies 63(2), 300318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolczuk, K (2016) Ukraine and Europe: Reshuffling the Boundaries of Order. Thesis Eleven 136(1), 5473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youngs, R (2017) Europe's Eastern Crisis: The Geopolitics of Asymmetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaun, N (2018) States as Gatekeepers in EU Asylum Politics. Journal of Common Market Studies 56(1), 4462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zielonka, J (2006) Europe as Empire: The Nature of the Enlarged European Union. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar