¹ ‘The Politics of Identity’ is an on-going series edited by Richard Bellamy.Google Scholar

² See the discussions in Adam Jones (ed.), Gendercide and Genocide, Nashville, Vanderbilt University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

³ Joni Seager, The Atlas of Women in the World, London, Earthscan Publications, 2005; see also Cathy J. Cohen, Kathleen B. Jones and Joan C. Tronto (eds), Women Transforming Politics: An Alternative Reader, New York, New York University Press, 1997. For an analysis of the ‘patriarchal dividend’, see R. W. Connell, Gender, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2002, pp. 142–51.Google Scholar

⁴ This point is made in Carver, Terrell, ‘ “Public Man” and the Critique of Masculinities’, Political Theory, 24: 4 (1996), pp. 673–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ For an overview on this point, see Raia Prokhovnik, Rational Woman: A Feminist Critique of Dichotomy, 2nd edn, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

⁶ Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1988; Terrell Carver, Gender is not a Synonym for Women, Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner, 1996.Google Scholar

⁷ Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory: From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism, 2nd edn, London, Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1993.Google Scholar

⁸ This argument, based on feminist literature surveyed there, is made in Terrell Carver, Men in Political Theory, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2004; see also Lister, Ruth, ‘Being a Feminist’, Government and Opposition, 40: 3 (2005), pp.442–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹ Helen Kinsella, ‘Securing the Civilian: Sex and Gender in the Laws of War’, in M. Barnett and B. Duvall (eds), Power and Global Governance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 249–72.Google Scholar

¹⁰ See the classic introduction to these studies, Harry Brod (ed.), The Making of Masculinities: The New Men's Studies, Boston, MA, Allen & Unwin, 1987, and ‘The Men's Bibliography’ http://mensbiblio.xyonline.net/.Google Scholar

¹¹ R.W. Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1995. See the discussions in Michael Kimmel (ed.), The Gendered Society, 2nd edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004; Charlotte Hooper, Manly States: Masculinities, International Relations and Gender Politics, New York, Columbia University Press, 2001; Jeff Hearn, Men in the Public Eye: The Construction and Deconstruction of Public Men and Public Patriarchies, London, Routledge, 1992; and Sylvia Walby, Theorizing Patriarchy, Oxford, Blackwell, 1990.Google Scholar

¹² Kathy E. Ferguson, The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1984.Google Scholar

¹³ The male/female sexual binary is brilliantly deconstructed in Anne Fausto-Sterling's Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality, New York, Basic Books, 2002. Her conclusion is that presuppositions of male superiority and masculine heroism have structured biology and medicine into circular ‘research’ that emphasizes fixity over variability in human bodies, and provides therapies to produce sexual binaries as reflections of what is supposed ‘naturally’ to be the case. See also Connell, Gender, pp. 40–52.Google Scholar

¹⁴ The Vatican is re-articulating its conception of the masculinity suitable for its priests, namely heterosexual orientation but sexual celibacy, as against any ‘deep-seated homosexual tendencies’ (never mind continuing practices), stating categorically that gay men are obstructed from ‘properly relating to men and women’. Ian Fisher and Laurie Goodstein, ‘In Strong Terms, Rome is to Ban Gays as Priests’, New York Times, 23 November 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/23/international/Europe/23vatican.html (accessed 25 November 2005).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, 2nd edn, New York, Routledge, 1999, pp. 41–4 and passim.Google Scholar

¹⁶ This is memorably enacted in the Monty Python's Flying Circus sketch of male soldiers in close-order but highly ‘camp’ (and therefore feminized) drill routines.Google Scholar

¹⁷ For a feminist critique and re-visioning, see V. Spike Peterson, A Critical Rewriting of Global Political Economy: Integrating Reproductive, Productive and Virtual Economies, London, Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Connell, Masculinities, p. 54 and passim.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body, pp. 1–5, and passim.Google Scholar

²⁰ Chambers, Samuel A., ‘Telepistemology of the Closet, or the Queer Politics of Six Feet Under?’, Journal of American Culture, 26: 1 (2003), pp. 24–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²¹ Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men, London, Virago, 1990, pp. 16–21; see also Stychin, Carl F., ‘Being Gay’, Government and Opposition, 40: 1 (2005), pp. 90–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²² Jonathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, New York, Dutton, 1995; Eve Kosovsky Sedgewick, The Epistemology of the Closet, London, Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1991; Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present, rev. edn, London, Quartet, 1990.Google Scholar

²³ See the discussions in Mark Blasius, Gay and Lesbian Politics: Sexuality and the Emergence of a New Ethic, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1994; and Shane Phelan, Sexual Strangers: Gays, Lesbians, and Dilemmas of Citizenship, Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

²⁴ Some of them may have denied that they were homophobes. See Segal, Slow Motion, pp. 134–67.Google Scholar

²⁵ Tim Edwards, Erotics and Politics: Gay Male Sexuality, Masculinity and Feminism, London, Routledge, 1994.Google Scholar

²⁶ See the resources at the Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military, www.gaymilitary.ucsb.edu.Google Scholar

²⁷ See Butler's discussion of ‘the heterosexual matrix’, in Gender Trouble, pp. 42–3, 45–100.Google Scholar

²⁸ Samuel A. Chambers, ‘Desperately Straight: The Subversive Sexual Politics of Desperate Housewives’, in Kim Akass and Janet McCabe (eds), Reading Desperate Housewives, London: I.B. Taurus, forthcoming.Google Scholar

²⁹ This methodology is discussed and deployed in Carver, Men in Political Theory, passim.Google Scholar

³⁰ Aristotle, Politics 1253b; Carver, Men in Political Theory, pp. 46–7.Google Scholar

³¹ Tarak Barkawi, Globalization and War, Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006, pp. 18–24.Google Scholar

³² For economic and/or personal reasons, many female-to-male trans-sexuals do not proceed to penoplasty, the final stage of reconstructive surgery. For a close analysis of the co-constitution of the state and kinship, see Jacqueline Stevens, Reproducing the State, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

³³ Robert Bly, Iron John: A Book about Men, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1990. See the discussions in David S. Gutterman, Prophetic Politics: Christian Social Movements and American Democracy, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2005; and www.fathers-4-justice.org (accessed 25 November 2005).Google Scholar