¹ M Kumm et al, ‘The End of “the West” and the Future of Global Constitutionalism’ (2017) 6 Global Constitutionalism 1, 9.

² See (n 1) 3.

³ A von Bogdandy, ‘Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: una mirada a un constitucionalismo transformador’ (2015) 34 Revista Derecho del Estado 1, 6.

⁴ A von Bogdandy and others, ‘Ius Constitutionale Commune in Latin America: A Regional Approach to Transformative Constitutionalism’ in A von Bogdandy et al (eds), Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America: The Emergence of a New Ius Commune (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017).

⁵ See (n 4) 4.

⁶ See (n 4) 8.

⁷ See (n 1) 3.

⁸ López-Medina, D, ‘The Latin American and Caribbean Legal Traditions’ in Mattei, U (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Comparative Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012) 351 Google Scholar.

⁹ See (n 8) 349.

¹⁰ G Aguilar, ‘Surgimiento de un Derecho Americano de los Derechos Humanos en América Latina’ (2011) 24 Cuestiones Constitucionales 3.

¹¹ See (n 8) 356.

¹² A von Bogdandy, M Morales, and E Ferrer Mac-Gregor (eds), Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: Textos básicos para su comprensión (IECEQ-MPIL, 2017).

¹³ A Alterio and F Pou Giménez, ‘Book Review: Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America’ (IACL-AIDC blog, 23 October 2018), <https://blog-iacl-aidc.org/blog/2018/10/21/book-review-transformative-constitutionalism-in-latin-america>.

¹⁴ See (n 4) 4.

¹⁵ See (n 4) 5.

¹⁶ See (n 4) 5.

¹⁷ K Castilla, ‘Qué tan común es lo común del Ius Constitutionale Commune Latinoamericano?’, (Ventana Jurídica, 21 June 2017), <http://facultad.pucp.edu.pe/derecho/blog/que-tan-comun-es-lo-comun-del-ius-constitutionale-commune-latinoamericano>.

¹⁸ M Morales, ‘Interamericanización como mecanismo del Ius Constitutionale Commune en derechos humanos en América Latina’ in A von Bogdandy, M Morales, and E Ferrer Mac-Gregor (eds), Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: textos básicos para su comprensión (IECEQ-MPIL, 2017).

¹⁹ JM Serna, ‘El Concepto del Ius Commune Latinoamericano en Derechos Humanos: Elementos para una agenda de investigación’ in A von Bogdandy, M Morales, and E Ferrer Mac-Gregor (eds), Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: textos básicos para su comprensión (IECEQ-MPIL, 2017) 212–13.

²⁰ A Rodiles, ‘The Great Promise of Comparative Public Law for Latin America: Towards Ius Commune Americanum?’, in A Roberts et al (eds), Comparative International Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018) 509.

²¹ See (n 20) 509.

²² However, in a recent paper, von Bogdandy and Ureña, who generally write on behalf of ICCAL, have said that they ‘do not see transformative constitutionalism in Latin America as the iteration of global or international constitutionalism’. A von Bogdandy and R Ureña, ‘International Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America’ (2020) 114 American Journal of International Law 403, 408. Regardless of this statement, I understand that ICCAL examines questions closely related to the agenda of global constitutionalism, which entails analysing different approaches to questions of constitutional character, such as ‘the establishment and exercise of legitimate public authority across jurisdictions’. See (n 1) 3.

²³ A von Bogdandy, ‘Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina. Aclaración conceptual’ in A von Bogdandy, M Morales, and E Ferrer Mac-Gregor (eds), Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: textos básicos para su comprensión (IECEQ-MPIL, 2017) 140.

²⁴ See (n 18) 436. L Burgorgue-Larsen, ‘La Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos como tribunal constitucional’, in A von Bogdandy, M Morales, and E Ferrer Mac-Gregor (eds), Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: textos básicos para su comprensión (IECEQ-MPIL, 2017).

²⁵ See (n 4) 6.

²⁶ See (n 4) 6.

²⁷ J Fröhlich, ‘Traces of Constitutional Reasoning in Latin America and the Caribbean – Regional Cosmopolitanism Without Backlash?’ (ICONnect Blog, 30 July 2020), <http://www.iconnectblog.com/2020/07/traces-of-constitutional-reasoning-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-regional-cosmopolitanism-without-backlash>; JC Herrera, ‘La idea de un derecho común en América Latina a la luz de sus críticas teóricas’ (MPIL Research Paper Series No. 2020-25), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3652404.

²⁸ A von Bogdandy, ‘Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: Observations on Transformative Constitutionalism’ (2015) 109 American Journal of International Law Unbound 109.

²⁹ Bonilla, D, ‘Introduction: toward a constitutionalism of the Global South’ in Bonilla, D (ed), Constitutionalism of the Global South: The Activist Tribunals of India, South Africa, and Colombia (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014) 6 Google Scholar.

³⁰ J Waldron, ‘Constitutionalism: A Skeptical View’, <https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=hartlecture>

³¹ A von Bogdandy, ‘The Past and Promise of Doctrinal Constructivism: A Strategy for Responding to the Challenges Facing Constitutional Scholarship in Europe’ (2009) 7 International Journal of Constitutional Law 360, 370.

³² M García Villegas, ‘Law as Hope’ (Eurozine, 24 February 2004), <http://www.eurozine.com/law-as-hope>.

³³ R Gargarella, Latin American Constitutionalism 1810-2010: The Engine Room of the Constitution (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014).

³⁴ See (n 32).

³⁵ Within the emergence of ‘adjectival constitutionalism’, that is, ‘the study of constitutionalisms with some modifier’, the Latin American constitutional debate is fundamental. M Tushnet, ‘Varieties of Constitutionalism’ (2016) 14 International Journal of Constitutional Law 1.

³⁶ See (n 4) 15.

³⁷ A Huneeus. ‘Constitutional Lawyers and the Authority of the Inter-American Court’ (2016) 79 Law and Contemporary Problems 179.

³⁸ In that regard, ICCAL could be analysed through the perspective of the political economy of legal knowledge or the geopolitics of constitutionalism in Latin America. Daniel Bonilla, ‘The Political Economy of Legal Knowledge’ in D Bonilla and C Crawford (eds), Constitutionalism in the Americas (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2018); J Esquirol, ‘The Geopolitics of Constitutionalism in the Americas’ in D Bonilla and C Crawford (eds), Constitutionalism in the Americas (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2018).

³⁹ See (n 23) 138.

⁴⁰ See (n 20) 508.

⁴¹ J Contesse, ‘Resisting Inter-American Human Rights Law’ (2019) 44 Yale Journal of International Law 1; D Werneck, ‘Book Review: Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America: The Emergence of a New Ius Commune’ (2019) 17 International Journal of Constitutional Law 368.

⁴² See (n 20) 509.

⁴³ As stated by Carvalho and Villagrán, ‘To highlight communality regarding the ideas of rights, democracy and the rule of law, ICCAL sets aside disagreement among courts and judges on concrete cases.’ F Carvalho and A Villagrán, ‘A Human Rights Tale of Competing Narratives’ (2017) 1602 Direito e Práxis 1609, 1616.

⁴⁴ P Salazar, ‘La disputa por los derechos y el Ius Constitutionale Commune’ in A von Bogdandy, M Morales and E Ferrer Mac-Gregor (eds), Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: textos básicos para su comprensión (IECEQ-MPIL, 2017) 116.

⁴⁵ See (n 4) 11.

⁴⁶ See Werneck (n 41) 371.

⁴⁷ See (n 4) 6.

⁴⁸ A Somek, The Preoccupation with Rights and the Embrace of Inclusion: A Critique (University of Iowa, Legal Studies Research Paper 13-11, 2013), <https://ssrn.com/abstract=2205299>.

⁴⁹ A Huneeus, ‘Courts Resisting Courts: Lessons from the Inter-American Court’s Struggle to Enforce Human Rights’ (2011) 44 Cornell International Law Journal 493. This account has also been addressed by some representatives of ICCAL, who endorse a more critical approach. Parra-Vera, O, ‘The Impact of Inter-American Judgments by Institutional Empowerment’ in von Bogdandy, A et al (eds), Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America: The Emergence of a New Ius Commune (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ See Fröhlich (n 27).

⁵¹ See, for example, the case of ombudsmen, national human rights institutions or even human rights non-autonomous agencies that collaborate with domestic or regional courts in the implementation of international human rights standards. Peagram, T, ‘National Human Rights Institutions in Latin America’ in Goodman, R and Pegram, T (eds), Human Rights, State Compliance, and Social Change: Assessing National Human Rights Institutions (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012)Google Scholar.

⁵² J Fowkes, ‘Transformative Constitutionalism and the Global South: The View from South Africa’ in A von Bogdandy and others (eds), Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America: The Emergence of a New Ius Commune (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2017) 98.

⁵³ M Hailbronner, ‘Transformative Constitutionalism: Not Only in the Global South’ (2017) 65 The American Journal of Comparative Law 527, 531.

⁵⁴ See (n 52) 100.

⁵⁵ K Klare ‘Legal Culture and Transformative Constitutionalism’ (1998) 14 South African Journal on Human Rights 146; T Roux, ‘Transformative Constitutionalism and the Best Interpretation of the South African Constitution: Distinction Without a Difference?’ (2009) 20 Stellenbosch Law Review 258.

⁵⁶ Negri, A, Insurgencies: Constituent Power and the Modern State (University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN, 1999)Google Scholar.

⁵⁷ U Baxi, ‘Preliminary Notes on Transformative Constitutionalism’, in O Vilhena, U Baxi, and F Viljoens (eds), Transformative Constitutionalism (Pretoria Law School University Press, Pretoria, 2013) 19, 22.

⁵⁸ See (n 56) 19.

⁵⁹ Roux, T, ‘A Brief Response to Professor Baxi’ in Vilhena, O, Baxi, U, and Viljoens, F (eds), Transformative Constitutionalism (Pretoria Law School University Press, Pretoria, 2013) 51 Google Scholar.

⁶⁰ See Klare (n 55) 156.

⁶¹ See Klare (n 55) 156.

⁶² See Roux (n 55) 271.

⁶³ See Roux (n 55) 271.

⁶⁴ A critique shared by Carvalho and Villagrán. See (n 43) 1616.

⁶⁵ See (n 16).

⁶⁶ See (n 44) 44.

⁶⁷ See (n 52) 105.

⁶⁸ M Kumm, A Lang, J Tully and A Wiener, ‘How Large is the World of Global Constitutionalism?’ (2014) 3 Global Constitutionalism 1, 3.

⁶⁹ See (n 4) 5.

⁷⁰ See (n 20).

⁷¹ H Fix-Fierro, ‘Epílogo’, in A von Bogdandy et al (eds), Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: Rasgos, potencialidades y desafíos (UNAM, Ciudad de México, 2014) 502; L García Jaramillo, ‘Variaciones en torno a la “interamericanización” del derecho. A propósito del Ius Constitutionale Commune’ (2016) 36 Araucaria 511, 516-8.

⁷² See (n 16).

⁷³ Olson, K, Reflexive Democracy (MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 2006) 112.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ This problem is present, for example, in Salazar’s account of ICCAL. Pedro Salazar, ‘El nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano (una perspectiva crítica)’, in L Gonzalez D and Valades (coords), El constitucionalismo contemporáneo: Homenaje a Jorge Carpizo (UNAM, Ciudad de México, 2013).

⁷⁵ See Werneck (n 41) 372.

⁷⁶ See (n 16).

⁷⁷ A Dulitzky, ‘An Inter-American Constitutional Court? The Invention of the Conventionality Control by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2015) 50 Texas International Law Journal 46.

⁷⁸ In this regard, I will exclude the study of currents such as conservative constitutionalism, which endorses a version of constitutional law as granting executive powers for a defence of a particular conception of the good or as a blockade against interventions in the social and economic structures. R Gargarella, ‘Towards a Typology of Latin American Constitutionalism, 1810–60’ (2004) 39 Latin American Research Review 141, 143. Accordingly, I will also exclude the study of the more recent emergence of right-wing populist constitutionalism. See J González-Jácome, ‘From Abusive Constitutionalism to a Multilayered Understanding of Constitutionalism: Lessons from Latin America’ (2017) 15 International Journal of Constitutional Law 447.

⁷⁹ P Dann, M Riegner and M Bönnemann, ‘The Southern Turn in Comparative Constitutional Law: An Introduction’ in P Dann, M Riegner and M Bönnemann (eds), The Global South and Comparative Constitutional Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020) 4.

⁸⁰ See (n 43) 1616.

⁸¹ See (n 33).

⁸² M Mirow, Latin American Constitutions: The Constitution of Cádiz and its Legacy in Spanish America (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2016) 240.

⁸³ M Schor, ‘An Essay on the Emergence of Constitutional Courts: The Cases of Mexico and Colombia’ (2009) 16 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 173, 174.

⁸⁴ J Couso, A Huneeus and R Sieder (eds), Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013) 7.

⁸⁵ Friedman, L, ‘The Concept of Legal Culture: A Reply’, in Nelken, D (ed), Comparing Legal Cultures (Dartmouth: Dartmouth Publishing, 1997) 34.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ See (n 31) 366.

⁸⁷ Pérez-Liñán, A and Castañeda, N, ‘Institutionalism’, in Kingston, P and Yashar, D (eds), Routledge Handbook of Latin American Politics (Routledge, London, 2012) 402–04Google Scholar.

⁸⁸ C Rodríguez-Garavito, ‘Navegando la globalización: un mapamundi para el estudio y la práctica del derecho en América Latina’, in C Rodríguez-Garavito (ed), El Derecho en América Latina (Siglo XXI, Buenos Aires, 2011) 71.

⁸⁹ R Hirschl, Comparative Matters (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014).

⁹⁰ A von Bogdandy, ‘Comparative Constitutional Law as Social Science? A Hegelian Reaction to Ran Hirschl’s Comparative Matters’ (MPIL Research Paper Series, 2016), <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2773738>.

⁹¹ See (n 43) 1613.

⁹² R Uprimny, ‘The Recent Transformation of Constitutional Law in Latin America: Trends and Challenges’ (2011) 89 Texas Law Review 1587.

⁹³ See (n 33).

⁹⁴ P Commanducci, ‘Modelos e Interpretación de la Constitución’, in M Carbonell (ed), Teoría del Neoconstitucionalismo (Trotta, Madrid, 2007) 52–53. The term makes sense only within Italo-Ibero-Latin American academic circles. J Fabra, ‘Una nota sobre el neoconstitucionalismo’, in J Fabra and L García Jaramillo (eds), Filosofía del Derecho Constitucional: Cuestiones Fundamentales (UNAM, Ciudad de México, 2015) 522.

⁹⁵ J Etcheberry, ‘El ocaso del positivismo jurídico incluyente’ (2015) 67 Persona y Derecho 411, 413–14.

⁹⁶ P Commanduci, ‘Formas de Neoconstitucionalismo: un análisis metateórico’, in M Carbonell, Neo-constitucionalismo(s) (Trotta, Madrid, 2009) 87.

⁹⁷ L Prieto Sanchis, ‘Notas sobre la Interpretacion Constitucional’ (1991) 9 Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales 175, 176.

⁹⁸ Constitutions irradiate their normative force to every part of the legal system, so there is no need to wait for the legal production of the legislature or the administration, and there is no space for ‘political question doctrines’. If constitutional rights are ‘optimization requirements’ that have a precise answer to a legal conflict (a rule, applicable to the case), then only judges have the final word. R Alexy, A Theory of Constitutional Rights (Oxford University Press, New York, 2002) 47.

⁹⁹ A Alterio, ‘Corrientes del Constitucionalismo Contemporáneo a Debate’ (2014) 8 Problema, Anuario de Filosofía y Teoría del Derecho 227, 234.

¹⁰⁰ According to Rodiles, ‘It is not quite clear when the discourse of Latin American neo-constitutionalism merged with that of ICCLA. In a way, one could say that as the discourse of neo-constitutionalism gained ground across the region, the consolidation of an ius commune in human rights and constitutional principles became the new aspiration of neo-constitutionalists.’ See (n 20) 506. See also Herrera (n 27).

¹⁰¹ J Melton and others, ‘To Codify or Not to Codify? Lessons from Consolidating the United Kingdom’s Constitutional Statutes’ (The Constitution Unit UCL, 2015), <http://constitutionnet.org/vl/item/codify-or-not-codify-lessons-consolidating-united-kingdoms-constitutional-statutes>.

¹⁰² L Hammergren, Envisioning Reform: Improving Judicial Performance in Latin America (Penn State University Press, University Park, PA, 2007).

¹⁰³ Brinks, D, ‘“A Tale of Two Cities”: The Judiciary and the Rule of Law in Latin America’ in Kingston, P and Yashar, D (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Latin American Politics (Routledge, London, 2012) 66 Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁴ See (n 37).

¹⁰⁵ J Esquirol, ‘The Turn to Legal Interpretation’ (2011) 26 American University International Law Review 1031, 1033.

¹⁰⁶ D López-Medina, ‘Por qué hablar de una teoría impura del derecho para América Latina?’ in D Bonilla (ed), Teorías del Derecho y Transplantes Jurídicos (Siglo del Hombre, Bogotá, 2009) 46.

¹⁰⁷ This has been the case even when public trust in courts is still very low and may be explained better by changes in constitutional opportunity and support structures. C Smulovitz, ‘Judicialization in Argentina: Legal Culture or Opportunities and Support Structures?’ in J Couso, A Huneeus and R Sieder (eds), Cultures of Legality: Judicialization and Political Activism in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010).

¹⁰⁸ D Brinks and W Forbath, ‘The Role of Courts and Constitutions in the New Politics of Welfare in Latin America’ in R Peerenboom and T Ginsburg (eds), Law and Development of Middle-Income Countries (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014).

¹⁰⁹ L Streck, Verdade o Consenso (Saraiva, Rio de Janeiro, 2014) 470.

¹¹⁰ R Uprimny, Bloque de Constitucionalidad, Derechos Humanos, y Proceso Penal (Consejo Superior de la Judicatura, Bogotá, 2006) 29–33.

¹¹¹ J Contesse, ‘Inter-American Constitutionalism: The Interaction Between Human Rights and Progressive Constitutional Law in Latin America’, in C Rodríguez-Garavito (ed), Law and Society in Latin America (Routledge, London, 2014).

¹¹² See (n 12).

¹¹³ For Fernando Atria, neo-constitutional scholarship has ended up undermining the normativity of law and its ability to guide human behaviour, triggering a retreat to a pre-modern law, where the moral adjudication of judges has the power to decide what law means after the facts are considered. F Atria, La Forma del Derecho (Marcial Pons, Madrid, 2016) 56.

¹¹⁴ See (n 99) 262–63. For these same reasons, some authors also speak of a neoliberal variation of LANC, where the emphasis of judicial review is placed within the so-called ‘economic constitution’, comprising economic freedoms and strong protections to private property. J Couso, ‘The “Economic Constitutions” of Latin America: Between Free Markets and Aocioeconomic Rights’, in R Dixon and T Ginsburg (eds), Comparative Constitutional Law in Latin America (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2017).

¹¹⁵ K Merhof, ‘Building a Bridge Between Reality and the Constitution: The Establishment and Development of the Colombian Constitutional Court’ (2015) 13 International Journal of Constitutional Law 714, 721.

¹¹⁶ Although neo-constitutional adjudication has not always been progressive. See (n 103) 68.

¹¹⁷ Gargarella, R, Domingo, P and Roux, T, Courts and Social Transformation in New Democracies: An Institutional Voice for the Poor? (Routledge, London, 2006).Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ See (n 103) 69.

¹¹⁹ R Arango, ‘Fundamentos del Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina: Derechos Fundamentales, Democracia y Justicia Constitucional’, in A Bogdandy and M Morales (eds) Ius Constitutionale Commune en América Latina. Rasgos, Potencialidades y Desafíos (UNAM 2015) 27; see (n 111) 241–46.

¹²⁰ See (n 99) 240.

¹²¹ I agree with Pedro Salazar, for whom the ‘family resemblance’ should be thick enough to make the common patterns relevant. See (n 74) 349.

¹²² R Viciano and R Martínez, ‘La Constitución democrática, entre el neoconstitucionalismo y el nuevo constitucionalismo’ (2013) 48 El Otro Derecho 63.

¹²³ J Wolff, ‘Towards Post-Liberal Democracy in Latin America? A Conceptual Framework Applied to Bolivia’ (2008) 45 Journal of Latin American Studies 31, 33.

¹²⁴ G Pisarello, ‘El nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano y la constitución venezolana de 1999: balance de una década’ (2009) <https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6621838>.

¹²⁵ A Medici, ‘Nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano y giro decolonial: Seis proposiciones para comprenderlo desde un pensamiento situado y crítico’ (2013) 48 El Otro Derecho 15, 21.

¹²⁶ S Edwards, Populismo o Mercados (Norma, Bogotá, 2009).

¹²⁷ R Viciano and R Martínez, ‘¿Se puede hablar del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano como corriente doctrinal sistematizada?’ (2011), http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/wccl/ponencias/13/245.pdf.

¹²⁸ R Martínez and R Viciano, ‘Fundamentos Teoricos y Practicos del Nuevo Constitucionalismo Latinoamericano’, in R Viciano (ed), Estudios sobre el nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano (Tirant Lo Blanch, 2012) 310.

¹²⁹ NLAC avoids being associated with the kind of ideas proposed by Bruce Ackerman, which have been raised in Latin America to justify systems of constitutional control. B Ackerman and C Rosenkrantz, ‘Tres Modelos de Democracia Constitucional’ (1991) 29 Cuadernos y Debates 15.

¹³⁰ P Blokker, B Bugaric and G Halmai, ‘Introduction: Populist Constitutionalism: Varieties, Complexities, and Contradictions’ (2019) 20 German Law Journal 291, 293.

¹³¹ M Alterio and R Niembro (eds), Constitucionalismo Popular en América Latina (Porrúa, Ciudad de México, 2013).

¹³² Constitution of Venezuela, Title V, Ch V; Constitution of Ecuador, ch V, title IV; Constitution of Bolivia, arts 241–42.

¹³³ See (n 128) 323.

¹³⁴ Constitution of Ecuador, art 441.

¹³⁵ Constitution of Bolivia, art 411; Constitution of Venezuela, arts 342–46.

¹³⁶ See (n 128) 332.

¹³⁷ No scholar has used the term ‘originalism’ to defend the constitutional methods of interpretation used by the mixed systems of constitutional review of NLAC. In some cases, originalism is implied using the proceedings of the constituent assembly to defend a certain point. In Bolivia, it is the main rule of constitutional interpretation, according to the Law of the Plurinational Constitutional Court (art 6). In Venezuela, following the constitutional endorsement of the Bolivarian doctrine (Constitution of Venezuela, art 1), the Supreme Tribunal of Justice refers to the writings of Bolivar to shed light on constitutional clauses, adding uncertainty to the outcome of the interpretive process. Expediente nº16-0343, Tribunal Supremo de Justicia (Venezuela), 11 April 2016, s I.2.

¹³⁸ A Oquendo, ‘The Politicization of Human Rights’ (2016) 50 NYU Journal of International Law and Politics 1.

¹³⁹ A Noguera, ‘El neoconstitucionalismo andino: ¿una superación de la contradicción entre democracia y justicia constitucional?’ (2011) 90 Revista Vasca de Administración Pública 167, 191–94.

¹⁴⁰ For example, the highly specific rules for a referendum on constitutional reforms in the Constitution of Venezuela.

¹⁴¹ Along with the Constitution of Colombia (380 articles), these are the most extended constitutions in the region.

¹⁴² See (n 128) 323.

¹⁴³ C Storini, ‘Derechos y Garantías en el Nuevo Constitucionalismo Latinoamericano’ (XV Encuentro de Latinoamericanistas Españoles, Madrid, November 2012), <https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00874673/document>.

¹⁴⁴ See (n 33) 156, 172–77, 192–95.

¹⁴⁵ R Huber and C Schimpf, ‘Friend or Foe? Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin America’ (2016) 64 Political Studies 872.

¹⁴⁶ F Panizza, Contemporary Latin America: Development and Democracy Beyond the Washington Consensus (Zed Books, London, 2009) 223.

¹⁴⁷ The ‘boom of commodities’ has explained, in greater part, the increasing power of social policies in tackling poverty and inequality. N Birdsall, N Lustig and D McLeod, ‘Declining Inequality in Latin America’ in P Kingstone and D Yashar (eds), Routledge Handbook of Latin American Politics (Routledge, London, 2012) 163–71.

¹⁴⁸ R Lallander, ‘Entre el ecocentrismo y el pragmatismo ambiental: Consideraciones inductivas sobre desarrollo, extractivismo y los derechos de la naturaleza en Bolivia y Ecuador’ (2015) 6 Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política 109.

¹⁴⁹ See (n 147).

¹⁵⁰ R Viciano and R Martínez, ‘Una Constituyente sin Legitimidad’ (Diario El País, 26 May 2017), <https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/05/24/opinion/1495650765_391247.html>.

¹⁵¹ Bellamy, R, Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵² See (n 33).

¹⁵³ Alviar, H ‘Distribution of Resources Led by Courts: A Few Words of Caution’, in Alviar, H, Klare, K and Williams, L (eds), Social and Economic Rights in Theory and Practice (Routledge, London, 2015)Google Scholar; Angel-Cabo, N and Lovera, D, ‘Latin American Social Constitutionalism: Courts and Popular Participation’ in Alviar, H, Klare, K and Williams, L (eds), Social and Economic Rights in Theory and Practice: Critical Inquiries (Routledge, New York, 2015)Google Scholar; see Contesse (n 41).

¹⁵⁴ D Lovera, ‘A quién pertenece la Constitución en Chile? Cortes, Democracia y Participación’ (2010) 11 Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Palermo 119.

¹⁵⁵ C Rodríguez-Garavito and D Rodríguez-Franco, Radical Deprivation on Trial (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015); J Contesse and D Lovera, ‘Acceso a tratamiento médico para personas viviendo con VIH/Sida: Éxitos sin Victoria’ (2008) 8 Sur 149.

¹⁵⁶ See (n 154); D Landau, ‘Political Institutions and Judicial Role in Comparative Constitutional Law’ (2010) 51 Harvard Journal of International Law 319.

¹⁵⁷ S Botero, ‘Agents of Neoliberalism? High Courts and Rights in Latin America’, <https://www.sas.upenn.edu/andrea-mitchell-center/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.dcc/files/uploads/Botero%20-%20Courts%20(Penn%20DCC%20Conference).pdf>.

¹⁵⁸ MA Peñas, and JM Morán, ‘Conservative Litigation Against Sexual and Reproductive Health Policies in Argentina’ (2014) 22 Reproductive Health Matters 82.

¹⁵⁹ F Muñoz, Hegemonía y Nueva Constitución (Ediciones UACh, Valdivia, 2015).

¹⁶⁰ See Jácome (n 78) 457.

¹⁶¹ Couso, J, ‘Las democracias radicales y el “nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano”’ in Derechos Humanos: Posibilidades Teóricas y Desafíos Prácticos (Libraria/SELA, Buenos Aires, 2014).Google Scholar

¹⁶² See (n 92) 1599–1604.

¹⁶³ See (n 33) 206.

¹⁶⁴ See (n 3) 6.

¹⁶⁵ Von Bogdandy argues that ICCAL defines its identity by the ‘rejection of the three traditional constitutional ideologies of Latin America, namely, conservatism, radicalism and liberalism’. See (n 3) 6. However, EDC could be seen as the revival of the republican/radical tradition in the context of current challenges. A proper reconstruction of the republican ideals honours the double commitment defended by EDC. For example, Bilbao, one of the main thinkers of the radical tradition in the nineteenth century, was not only worried with political and moral majoritarianism, but was also concerned with classic civil liberties and individual autonomy. F Bilbao, El Gobierno de la Libertad, <http://www.franciscobilbao.cl/1909/article-81871.html>. Although his critiques against representative democracy place him under an extreme radical tradition, I think a proper reconstruction of his thoughts could well place him as a defender of both collective self-government and individual autonomy. See (n 38) 8. The same could be said about the intellectual contributions of the Colombian Manuel Murillo Toro, or the Ecuadorian Juan Montalvo. F MacDonald Spindler, ‘Lamennais and Montalvo: A European Influence Upon Latin American Political Thought’ (1976) 37 Journal of the History of Ideas 137.

¹⁶⁶ See Angel-Cabo and Lovera (n 153).

¹⁶⁷ R Gargarella, El Derecho a la Protesta: El Primer Derecho (Ad-Hoc, Buenos Aires, 2005)

¹⁶⁸ L Pautassi, ‘Igualdad en la desigualdad? Alcances y límites de las acciones afirmativas’ (2007) 4 Revista Conectas 6.

¹⁶⁹ G Maurino, E Nino and M Sigal, Las Acciones Colectivas (Lexis Nexis, Buenos Aires, 2006).

¹⁷⁰ D Wei and P Privatto, ‘Book Review: Latin American Constitutionalism’ (2014) 12 International Journal of Constitutional Law 256, 260.

¹⁷¹ See (n 33) 205.

¹⁷² E Nino, ‘La discriminación menos comentada’, in R Gargarella (ed), La Constitución en 2020: 48 propuestas para una sociedad igualitaria (Siglo XXI, Buenos Aires, 2011) 49.

¹⁷³ J Habermas, Between Facts and Norms (Polity Press, Cambridge, 1996) 38–41.

¹⁷⁴ Habermas’s theory of democracy and its relationship with law has been applied in Latin America to discussions around transitional justice and freedom of expression, among other issues. R Gargarella, ‘La democracia frente a los crímenes masivos: una reflexión a la luz del caso Gelman’ (2015) 2 Revista Latinoamericana de Derecho Internacional 1; C Mauersberger, Advocacy Coalitions and Democratizing Media Reforms in Latin America (Springer, London, 2016). For a defence of the critical appropriation of the Habermasian tradition in Latin America against challenges of Eurocentrism, see Morrow, R, ‘Defending Habermas Against Eurocentrism: Latin America and Mignolo’s Decolonial Challenge’, in Bailey, T (ed), Deprovincializing Habermas: Global Perspectives (Routledge, London, 2013)Google Scholar.

¹⁷⁵ D López Medina, ‘La “Cultura de la Legalidad” como discurso académico y práctica política: un reporte desde América Latina’, in I Wences et al (eds), Cultura de la Legalidad en Iberoamérica: Desafíos y Experiencias (FLACSO, Ciudad de México, 2014) 72–75.

¹⁷⁶ Although the Habermasian influence in Nino was never fully articulated by him, there is a clear connection between his moral constructivism and the discourse principle as the foundation of legitimate law. CS Nino, La validez del Derecho (Astrea, 1985); R Gargarella, ‘El punto de encuentro entre la teoría penal y la teoría democrática de Carlos Nino’ (2015) 35 Análisis Filosófico 189.

¹⁷⁷ R Gargarella (ed), Por una Justicia Dialógica (Siglo XXI, Buenos Aires, 2014).

¹⁷⁸ See (n 113).

¹⁷⁹ Arguably, EDC’s commitment to radical democracy suggests a strong critique of ‘hyper-presidentialism’. Although this would entail a different research, there is a strong debate regarding the particular features of Latin American presidentialism that impede the realization of political equality. M Alegre, ‘Democracia sin Presidentes’, in M Alegre and R Gargarella (eds) El Derecho a la Igualdad: Aportes para un constitucionalismo igualitario (Abeledo Perrot, Buenos Aires, 2007).

¹⁸⁰ Elster, J, Reason and Rationality (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2009).Google Scholar

¹⁸¹ Comparative institutional analyses are starting to be a topic of interest for Latin American legal academia. D Wei, ‘Courts as Healthcare Policy-makers: The Problem, the Responses to the Problem and Problems in the Responses’ (FGV, Research Paper Series 75, 2013), <http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/dspace/handle/10438/11198>

¹⁸² Unlike LANC and NLAC, EDC rejects dualism, which unduly splits the exercise of ordinary political citizenship with certain extraordinary moments where the people emerge, and supports constitutional structures that grant every act of ordinary law-making with the highest democratic deliberative pedigree. See (n 167).

¹⁸³ J Croon, ‘Comparative Institutional Analysis, the European Court of Justice and the General Principle of Non-Discrimination – or – Alternative Tales on Equality Reasoning’ (2013) 19 European Law Journal 153.

¹⁸⁴ D Lovera, ‘Tres son Multitud? Constitucionalismo Popular, Cortes y Protesta’, in M Alterio and R Niembro (eds), Constitucionalismo Popular en América Latina (Porrúa, Ciudad de México, 2013).

¹⁸⁵ See (n 43) 1608.

¹⁸⁶ J Contesse, ‘The final word? Constitutional dialogue and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ (2017) 15 International Journal of Constitutional Law 414; P Contreras, ‘Control de Convencionalidad, Deferencia Internacional y Discreción Nacional en la Jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos’ (2014) 20 Revista Ius et Praxis 235.

¹⁸⁷ G O’Donnell, ‘Why the Rule of Law Matters’ (2004) 15 Journal of Democracy 32.

¹⁸⁸ See (n 33) 202.

¹⁸⁹ See (n 73) 112; McNay, L, The Misguided Search for the Political (Polity Press, Cambridge, 2014) 38 Google Scholar.

¹⁹⁰ M Schor, ‘Constitutionalism Through the Looking Glass of Latin America’ (2006) 41 Texas International Law Journal 1, 7.

¹⁹¹ See (n 1) 3.