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¹⁴ Even though scholars have identified a convergence in the interpretation of the fundamental freedoms, the free movement of persons, in particular the free movement of workers continues to be distinct from the free movement of goods in many ways, see Barnard, C, ‘Fitting the Remaining Pieces into the Goods and Persons Jigsaw?’ (2001) 26 European Law Review 1, 35–9Google Scholar; Tryfonidou, A, ‘Further Steps on the Road to Convergence amongst the Market Freedoms’ (2010) 35 European Law Review 1, 1–20.Google Scholar

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¹⁹ See the submissions of Germany and the UK in Case C‑413/99 Baumbast [2002] ECR I‑7091.

²⁰ See for example the reactions to Metock.

²¹ Directive 2004/38/EC of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the member states, OJ L 158/77, 30.4.2004.

²² See recital 3 of the Directive’s preamble.

²³ S Giubboni, ‘Free Movement of Persons and European Solidarity’ (2007) 13 European Law Journal 3, 360–79.

²⁴ Declaration 17 annexed to the Lisbon Treaty.

²⁵ See amongst many others Condinanzi, M, Lang, A and Nascimbene, B, Citizenship of the Union and Freedom of Movement of Persons (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, 2008)Google Scholar; O’Leary, S, ‘Developing an Ever Closer Union between the Peoples of Europe? A Reappraisal of the Case Law of the Court of Justice on the Free Movement of Persons and EU Citizenship’ (2008) 27 Yearbook of European Law 1, 167–93Google Scholar; Hatland, A and Nilssen, E, ‘Policy making and application of law: free movement of persons and the European Court of Justice’ in Ervik, R, Kildal, N and Nilssen, E, The Role of International Organizations in Social Policy. Ideas, Actors and Impact (Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, 2009) 94–71.Google Scholar

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³¹ Case C-135/08 Rottmann [2010] ECR I-1449.

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³⁴ Case C‑184/99 Grzelczyk [2001] ECR I‑6193, para 31.

³⁵ See also (amongst others) the following cases: Case C‑413/99 Baumbast [2002] ECR I‑7091; Case C‑148/02 Garcia Avello [2003] ECR I‑11613; Case C-138/02 Collins [2004] ECR I-2703; Case C-456/02 Trojani [2004] ECR I-7573; Case C-209/03 Bidar [2005] ECR I-2119; Case C-403/03 Schempp [2005] ECR I-6421; Case C-406/04 De Cuyper [2006] ECR I-6947; Case C-192/05 Tas-Hagen [2006] ECR I-10451; Joined Cases C-11 and 12/06 Morgan and Bucher [2007] ECR I-9161; Case C‑127/08 Metock and Others [2008] ECR I‑6241; Case C‑310/08 Ibrahim [2010] ECR I-1065; Case C‑480/08 Teixeira [2010] ECR I-1107; Case C-162/09 Lassal [2010] nyr; Case C-145/09 Tsakouridis [2010] nyr.

³⁶ Hailbronner, K, ‘Free Movement of EU Nationals and Union Citizenship’ in Cholewinski, R, Perruchoud, R and MacDonald, E (eds), International Migration Law. Developing Paradigms and Key Challenges (TMC Asser Press, The Hague, 2007) 317–20.Google Scholar

³⁷ Case C-85/96 Martinez Sala [1998] ECR I-2691. The case has been discussed widely; see for instance C Tomuschat, ‘Case Note Martínez Sala’ (2000) 37 Common Market Law Review 450.

³⁸ Para 61 of the judgment.

³⁹ Case C‑184/99 Grzelczyk [2001] ECR I‑6193, para 31.

⁴⁰ See Case C-456/02 Trojani [2004] ECR I-7573. The Court has, however, set certain restrictions on the right of access to social benefits. For instance, in Bidar (Case C-209/03), it argued against the Advocate General, holding that a certain degree of integration, possibly appropriate residence requirement, can be required. Moreover, the Union citizen may not become an unreasonable burden on the welfare system of the host member state. The Court has also stressed in Vatsouras (Joined Cases C-22/08 and C-23/08) that Article 24(2) of Directive 2004/38 remains valid and that member states retain competence to evaluate whether a jobseeker is entitled to receive social assistance whilst actively seeking work and having a genuine chance of finding employment. Benefits intended to facilitate access to the labour market, such as jobseeker’s allowances, however, are not to be regarded as social assistance and must be made available.

⁴¹ Case C-413/99 Baumbast [2002] ECR I-7091.

⁴² Case C-224/98 D’Hoop [2002] ECR I-6191; see also Case C-224/02 Pusa [2004] ECR I-5763.

⁴³ Case C-192/05 Tas-Hagen [2006] ECR I-10451.

⁴⁴ Case C-499/06 Nerkowska [2008] ECR I-3993.

⁴⁵ Case C-221/07 Zablocka-Weyhermüller [2008] ECR I-9029.

⁴⁶ Case C-34/09 Zambrano [2011] nyr; Case C-434/09 McCarthy [2011] nyr; Case C-256/11 Dereci [2011] nyr.

⁴⁷ Case C-60/00 Carpenter [2002] ECR I-6279. According to the Court, the content of the right to family life must be defined in line with Article 8 ECHR and the case law of the ECtHR. See also Case C-459/99 MRAX [2002] ECR I-6591; Case C-540/03 Parliament v Council [2006] ECR I-5769. Hence, in the official discourse of the Court, the right to respect for private and family life enshrined in Article 7 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights offers the same level of protection as Article 8 ECHR.⁴⁷ Yet, the jurisprudence of the Court in Carpenter, Akrich, Metock and Zambrano suggests a much more inclusive approach than that pursued by the ECtHR. Union citizens’ right to family life is protected also in cases where the family relationship was established at a point of time where the residence status of the applicant was precarious.

⁴⁸ Case C-109/01 Akrich [2003] ECR I-9607.

⁴⁹ Case C‑127/08 Metock and Others [2008] ECR I‑6241.

⁵⁰ Case C-34/09 Zambrano [2011] nyr.

⁵¹ Case C-256/11 Dereci [2011] nyr.

⁵² Opinion of AG Cosma in Case C-378/97 Wijsenbeek [1999] ECR I-6207.

⁵³ Para 83 of the AG opinion.

⁵⁴ Opinion of AG La Pergola in Case C-85/96 Martinez Sala [1998] ECR I-2691.

⁵⁵ Para 18 of the AG opinion.

⁵⁶ Ibid.

⁵⁷ Opinion of AG Alber in Case C-184/99 Grzelczyk [2001] ECR I-6913, para 52.

⁵⁸ Opinion of AG Jacobs in Case C-224/02 Pusa [2004] ECR I-5763, paras 20 and 21.

⁵⁹ Opinion of AG Geelhoed in Case C-406-04 De Cuyper [2006] ECR I-6947, paras 107 and 108.

⁶⁰ Opinion of AG Kokott in Case C-192/05 Tas-Hagen [2006] ECR I-451, para 50.

⁶¹ Opinion of AG Leger in Case C-214/94 Boukalfa v Federal Republic of Germany [1996] ECR I-2253, para 63.

⁶² Opinion of AG Jacobs in Case C-168/91 Konstantinidis [1993] ECR I-1191.

⁶³ Para 27 of the AG opinion in Petersen.

⁶⁴ Para 89 of the AG opinion.

⁶⁵ Para 123 of the AG opinion in Eind.

⁶⁶ Para 96 of the AG opinion in Baumbast.

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⁹⁸ Case C-135/08 Rottmann [2010] ECR I-1449.

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¹⁰⁰ Para 32 of the AG opinion.

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¹⁰⁶ In this context the Court referred to a number of cases covering different areas of law, such as national rules governing a person’s name or direct taxation, where in situations covered by Union law the competences of the member states must be exercised with due regard to EU law. See Case C‑274/96 Bickel and Franz [1998] ECR I‑7637, para 17; Case C‑148/02 Garcia Avello [2003] ECR I‑11613, para 25; Case C‑403/03 Schempp [2005] ECR I‑6421, para 19; Case C‑145/04 Spain v United Kingdom [2006] ECR I‑7917.

¹⁰⁷ Para 42 of the judgment.

¹⁰⁸ According to the Court, ‘the principles stemming from this judgment with regard to the powers of the Member States in the sphere of nationality, and also their duty to exercise those powers having due regard to European Union law, apply both to the Member State of naturalization and to the Member State of the original nationality’, para 62 of the judgment.

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¹¹⁹ D Kochenov, ‘Two Sovereign States vs. a Human Being: CJEU as a Guardian of Arbitrariness in Citizenship Matters’ (2010) available at <http://eudo-citizenship.eu/citizenship-forum/254-has-the-european-court-of-justice-challenged-member-state-sovereignty-in-nationality-law?start=2>.

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