Walker [11] describes a new class of translation planes W(q) of order q2, q ≡ 5(mod 6), with kernel GF(q). A plane in this class has several interesting properties, but we shall be only interested in the following ones possessed by its collineation group G: (i) G is transitive on the affine points of W(q), and (ii) G fixes a point the line at infinity of W(q), and is transitive on the other points of l∞ The smallest member of this class, W(5), also satisfies: (iii) for an affine point the subgroup G is transitive on the affine points ≠ of the line Note also that since W(5) is a translation plane, replacing G with G in (ii) we get a fourth property, call it (iv), satisfied by G. (See Lemma 2.)

Let X be a Klein surface [1], that is, X is a surface with boundary მX together with a dianalytic structure on X. A homeomorphism f: X → X of X onto itself that is dianalytic will be called an automorphism of X.

A classical result in potential theory is the Schwarz reflection principle for solutions of Laplace's equation which vanish on a portion of a spherical boundary. The question naturally arises whether or not such a property is also true for solutions of the Helmholtz equation. This has been answered in the affirmative by Diaz and Ludford ([4]; see also [10]) in the limiting case of the plane. It is the purpose of this paper to show that a reflection principle is also valid for spheres of finite radius. As an application of this result we shall study the problem of the analytic continuation of solutions to the Helmholtz equation defined in the exterior of a bounded domain in three-dimensional Euclidean space ℝ3 We shall show that through the use of the reflection principle derived in this paper, this problem can be reduced to the problem of the analytic continuation of an analytic function of two complex variables, which in turn can be performed through a variety of known methods (cf. [7]).

It is shown in [2] that a uqu space satisfies the following conditions.

(DC) There is no infinite, strictly decreasing sequence of open sets with open intersection.

(IC) There is no infinite, strictly increasing sequence of open sets.

In this note we show that for a transitive space these conditions are sufficient for the space to be uqu. This will follow as a consequence of the following result.

Each bounded linear operator a on a Hilbert space K has a hermitian left-support projection p such that and (1 – p)K = ker α* = ker αα*. I demonstrate here that certain operators on Banach spaces also have left supports.

Throughout this paper X will be a complex Banach space with norm-dual X', and L(X) will be the Banach algebra of bounded linear operators on X. Two linear subspaces Y and Z of X are orthogonal (in the sense of G. Birkhoff) if ∥ y ∥ ≦ ∥ y + z ∥ (y ∈Y, z ∈ Z); this orthogonality relation is not, in general, symmetric. It is easy to see that pX is orthogonal to (1 – p)X if and only if the norm of p is 0 or 1, when p is a projection on X.

Let S be a semigroup, and let ℓ1(S) denote the l1-semigroup algebra of S. Beginning with the fundamental paper of E. Hewitt and H. Zuckerman [5], there has been a considerable amount of research done concerning the Banach algebra ℓ1(S) in the case when S is abelian; see the bibliography [7]. However, until recently, there was very little information known concerning ℓ1(S) when S was nonabelian and infinite. Now for certain classes of infinite nonabelian semigroups with involution, recent progress has been made in the study of the Banach *-algebra ℓ1(S) and the *-representations of l1(S). In [2], B. Barnes and J. Duncan prove that ℓ1(S) is Jacobson semisimple, study the spectrum of elements in ℓ1(S), and construct and study *-representations of ℓ1(S) when S is the free semigroup with a finite or countably infinite set of generators (and also in some cases where the generators satisfy certain relations). In [1], the present author considered the representation theory of ℓ1(S) where S is an inverse semigroup. This paper is a sequel to [1].

In this paper we work in the class of associative rings. The fundamental definitions and properties of radicals may be found in Divinsky [1].If α is a radical class of rings we shall denote the class of semi-simple rings by the radical of a ring R we shall denote by α(R).

The Eckman–Hilton duality [4] reverses arrows in diagrams, turns products to co-products, and multiplications to co-multiplications, etc. In accordance with this process, Kan [5] obtained the dual of a monoid structure in the category of groups. In this way, we obtain co-monoid structures on topological groups. The main result of this paper is that for kaω groups (see §2), we obtain a one-to-one correspondence between the co-monoid structures, and the free topological bases of the group (§3), thus obtaining topological analogues of the main results of [5].

In this brief note, we evaluate certain quartic and octic Gauss sums with the use of theorems on fourth and eighth power difference sets. We recall that a subset H of a finite (additive) abelian group G is said to be a difference set of G [5, p. 64] if for some fixed natural number λ, every nonzero element of G can be written as a difference of two elements of H fin exactly λ ways.

The space of Schwartz distributions on the unit circle Г in the plane is topologically a considerable generalization of the space of regular, finite Borel measures on Г. However, the order structure of is usually taken to be the same as that of : there are no “positive” distributions which are not measures. This perhaps warrants consideration, since the order structure of generates its topology. In this paper we construct a system of order structures for which is a more natural complement in the intermediate stages to the topology of and which provides an interpretation of with its Schwartz topology as a quotient of a generalized base norm space V′. Where denotes the space of continuous functions on Г with its supremum norm topology, V′ is the dual of . The space contains the infinitely differentiable functions on Г with their usual topology, and (via the pointwise ordering on ) in its product ordering is realized as a generalized order unit space. Some consequences for harmonic functions are discussed.

Let (R, M) be a local ring and let R* be the M-adic ring completion of R. It is well known that R is a regular local ring if and only if R* is a regular local ring. The purpose of the note is to show that this result is essentially a consequence of a more general theory concerning local Noether lattices which was developed in [6].

G is a graph on n nodes with q edges, without loops or multiple edges. We write α = q/n and β for the maximum degree of any node of G. We write

and H for the number of Hamiltonian circuits (H.c.) in the complement of G, or, what is the same thing, the number of those H.c. in the complete graph Kn which have no edge in common with G. Our object here is to prove the following theorem.

In this paper all sets considered are assumed to be compact subsets of Euclidean Space En. A number of results concerning the total edge-lengths of polyhedra have been given by various authors, many of which are mentioned in references in [1]. In [1], it was conjectured that all polytopes inscribed in the unit sphere and containing its centre have total edge-length greater than 2n. This was proved true for simplicial polytopes and shown to be best possible in the sense that there exist simplices with the stated property and with total edge-length arbitrarily close to 2n. In this paper we shall show that the bound is not always best possible if the magnitudes of the faces of such polytopes are restricted and we shall also give some related results on surface areas. This work was carried out while the author was a research student at Royal Holloway College, London and is a revised version of part of the author's thesis approved for the Ph.D. degree.

The purpose of this paper is to consider the general nonlinear nth order differential-difference equation

and derive an inequality of Lyapunov type. Later we use this inequality to find conditions to ensure that the oscillatory solutions of equation (1) tend to zero as t → ∞. The conditions that ensure that the oscillatory solutions of equation (1) tend to zero, also cause all solutions of equation

to be non-oscillatory.

Much work has been carried out on the classification of finite simple groups in terms of the structures of centralisers of involutions. However, it is sometimes the case that these classification results cannot be applied to particular problems even although information is available about one conjugacy class of involutions. The trouble is that information about the other classes can be almost non-existent. In this paper we deal with a situation where character theory can be employed to give a strong connection between the orders of centralisers of different classes of involutions, enabling information about one class to be used to give information about other classes. We prove the following result.

Suppose that G is a finitely presented group, and that we are given a set of generators for a subgroup H of finite index in G. In this paper we describe an algorithm by which a set of defining relations may be found for H in these generators.

The algorithm is suitable for programming on a digital computer. It appears to have significant computational advantages over the method of Mendelsohn [8] (which is based on the Schreier-Reidemeister results, see for example [4, pp. 91–95]) in those cases where the generators of H are given as other than the familiar Schreier-Reidemeister generators.

In this paper we shall derive for function fields in one variable over finite constant fields results analogous to [1], where algebraic number fields were considered. The ground field P will be the set of all rational functions in a given transcendent X, with coefficients in k = GF(q), q = pr, p a prime; thus P = k(X).

In this note we formally solve the following dual integral equations:

where h is a constant and the Fourier cosine transform of u–1 φ(u) is assumed to exist. These dual equations arise in a crack problem in elasticity theory.

In spectral theory on Banach spaces, certain more incisive results hold when the underlying space is weakly complete (that is, weakly sequentially complete). The standard proofs rely on the following deep theorem: any bounded linear map from the algebra of all complex continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space to a weakly complete Banach space is weakly compact. The proof of this result depends in turn on a considerable amount of measure-theoretic machinery (see [4, Section VI.7]). We present here some alternative methods which avoid these technicalities. The results are then used to give an example of a set of projections, each having unit norm, which generate an unbounded Boolean algebra.

Let A be an n × n complex normal matrix and let (A) = {diag UAU*: U is unitary) where U* is the conjugate transpose of U. It is known that (A) may not be convex [1, 3] and it is convex when A is Hermitian [1, 2]. In this note we show that (A) is convex if and only if the eigenvalues of A are collinear (i.e. there exist complex numbers α ( ≠ 0) and β such that αA + βi is Hermitian).