Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2019
This Paper investigates legal subjectivity in the European Union. It takes seriously the principle according to which the individual is at the heart of the Union's activities and asks what kind of legal and political subjectivity the EU can render possible. The analysis draws on the work of Jean-Luc Nancy and his conception of singular plurality. What comes to the fore is the interrelatedness of subjects and community. This implies that the subject should not be understood simply as an individual, nor as part of a communitarian whole. Neither view is ontologically plausible nor ethically sound. By conceptualizing subjectivity as both singular and plural, it may become possible to rethink the relationship between subjectivity and community in the Union. This is important because potential solutions to fundamental problems of legitimacy, solidarity, and the lack thereof, hinge on how the relationship is understood.
1 See, e.g., Sègolène Barbou des Places, The Integrated Person in EU Law, in Constructing the Person in EU Law – Rights, Roles, Identities 179 (Loïc Azoulai, Ségolène Barbou des Places & Etienne Pataut eds., 2016); Dimitry Kochenov, Neo-mediaeval Permutations of Personhood in the European Union, in Constructing the Person in EU Law—Rights, Roles, Identities 133 (Loïc Azoulai, Ségolène Barbou des Places & Etienne Pataut eds., 2016); András Sajó, Victimhood and Vulnerability as Sources of Justice, in Europe's Justice Deficit 337 (Dimitry Kochenov, Gráinne de Búrca & Andrew Williams eds., 2015); Pavlos Eleftheriadis, Citizenship and Obligation, in Philosophical Foundations of European Union Law 159 (Julie Dickson & Pavlos Eleftheriadis eds., 2012).Google Scholar
2 See Somek, Alexander, The Cosmopolitan Constitution 21 (2014). For an interesting discussion, see also Mattias Kumm, The Moral Point of Constitutional Pluralism: Defining the Domain of Legitimate Institutional Civil Disobedience and Conscientious Objection, in Philosophical Foundations of European Union Law 216 (Julie Dickson & Pavlos Eleftheriadis eds., 2012).Google Scholar
3 See Floris de Witte, Justice in the EU: The Emergence of Transnational Solidarity 207–15 (2015). According to Sangiovanni, the most plausible view of European solidarity should not begin with, for example, European identity fellow feeling, or democracy, but with the special character of the public goods generated by participation in European institutions. See Sangiovanni, Andrea, Solidarity in the European Union: Problems and Prospects, in Philosophical Foundations of European Union law 348 (Julie Dickson & Pavlos Eleftheriadis eds., 2012).Google Scholar
4 This view, though, may come close to the tolerant utopianism of Robert Nozick, which is tainted by the classic failures of extreme libertarianism.Google Scholar
5 See Armstrong, Philip, Smith, Jason E., & Jean-Luc Nancy, Politics and Beyond: An Interview with Jean-Luc Nancy, 43 Diacritics 90, 94 (2015).Google Scholar
6 See Norris, Andrew, Jean-Luc Nancy and the Myth of the Common, 7 Constellations 272, 274–75 (2000).Google Scholar
7 See Jean-Luc Nancy, Being Singular Plural 12 (2000).Google Scholar
8 See id. at 28–29.Google Scholar
9 Id. at 30–31. See also Frédéric Neyrat, NO/US: The Nietzschean Democracy of Jean-Luc Nancy, 43 Diacritics 66, 73 (2015).Google Scholar
10 See Nancy, supra note 7, at 33.Google Scholar
11 See Jean-Luc Nancy, The Inoperative Community 26–27 (1991).Google Scholar
12 See Nancy, supra note 7, at 32–33.Google Scholar
13 Id. at 33.Google Scholar
14 See, e.g., Harman, Graham, On Interface: Nancy's Weights and Masses, in Jean-Luc Nancy and Plural Thinking: Expositions of World, Ontology, Politics, and Sense 95 (Peter Gratton & Marie-Eve Morin eds., 2012).Google Scholar
15 See Nancy, supra note 7, at 39.Google Scholar
16 See Toni Selkälä & Mikko Rajavuori chapter in this volume, 18 German L.J. (2017).Google Scholar
17 See Nancy, supra note 7, at 44; Nancy, supra note 11, at 28.Google Scholar
18 See Nancy, supra note 7, at 45; Nancy, supra note 11, at 75–76.Google Scholar
19 See Nancy, supra note 7, at 57.Google Scholar
20 See, e.g., Anne O'Byrne, Nancy's Materialist Ontology, in Jean-Luc Nancy and Plural Thinking: Expositions of World, Ontology, Politics, and Sense 79 (Peter Gratton & Marie-Eve Morin eds., 2012).Google Scholar
21 See also Goh, Irving, The Risk of Existing: Jean-Luc Nancy's Prepositional Existence, Knocks Included, 43 Diacritics 8 (2015).Google Scholar
22 J.H.H. Weiler, Deciphering the Political and Legal DNA of European Integration: An Exploratory Essay, in Philosophical Foundations of European Union law 137, 158 (Julie Dickson & Pavlos Eleftheriadis eds., 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23 Case C-131/12, Google Spain SL v. Agencia Espafiola de Protección de Datos (AEPD), 2014 ECLI:EU:C:2014:317.Google Scholar
24 See Nancy, supra note 11, at xxxvii.Google Scholar
25 See Somek, supra note 2, at 22–23.Google Scholar
26 See, e.g., Davies, Gareth, Social Legitimacy and Purposive Power: The End, The Means, and the Consent of the People, in Europe's Justice Deficit 259 (Dimitry Kochenov, Gráinne de Búrca, & Andrew Williams eds., 2015).Google Scholar
27 NANCY, supra note 11, at xxxvii. As we emerge as subjects, we simultaneously become exposed to others. Here, in creation of our own subjectivity, we are being defined by the community. Being in common is not something secondary to being oneself. Both features – or rather both modes of being – are original, i.e. co-originary. Nancy's writing plays extensively with the prefix ‘co’ and he also assembles and disassembles words in order to express his unique theory.Google Scholar
28 See id. at xxxvii–xxxviii.Google Scholar
29 See id. Google Scholar
30 See Armstrong et al., supra note 5, at 91.Google Scholar
31 Id. at 92; Nancy, supra note 11, at xxxix.Google Scholar
32 See Susanna Lindroos-Hovinheimo, Excavating Foundations of Legal Personhood: Fichte on Autonomy and Self-Consciousness, 28 Int'l J. Semiotics L. 687 (2015).Google Scholar
33 See, e.g., Hutchens, B.C., Archi-Ethics, Justice, and the Suspension of History in the Writing of Jean-Luc Nancy, in Jean-Luc Nancy and Plural Thinking: Expositions of World, Ontology, Politics, and Sense 129 (Peter Gratton & Marie-Eve Morin eds., 2012).Google Scholar
34 Jean-Luc Nancy, The Experience of Freedom 66 (1993).Google Scholar
35 See id. at 78.Google Scholar
36 See Nancy, supra note 11, at 3–4; see also Marie-Eve Morin, Nancy, Violence, and the World, 16 Parrhesia 61 (2013).Google Scholar
37 Nancy, supra note 34, at 95.Google Scholar
38 See Hutchens, supra note 33, at 139.Google Scholar
39 See Marie-Eve Morin, “We Must Become What We Are”: Jean-Luc Nancy's Ontology as Ethos and Praxis, in Nancy and the Political 21 (Sanja Dejanovic ed., 2015).Google Scholar
40 See id.; see also Nancy, supra note 11, at 15. An interesting comparison can be made here with the Levinas, who claims that ethics is first philosophy, that is, something prior and more fundamental to ontology.Google Scholar
41 See Morin, supra note 39.Google Scholar
42 See Jean-Luc Nancy, The Truth of Democracy 17–18, 26–28, 34 (2010).Google Scholar
43 Jean-Luc Nancy, The Creation of the World or Globalization 54–55 (François Raffoul and David Pettigrew ed., 2007).Google Scholar
44 See Jean-Luc Nancy, From the Imperative to Law, in Jean-Luc Nancy: Justice, Legality and World 11, 11–18 (B.C. Hutchens ed., 2012).Google Scholar
45 See Nancy, supra note 34, at 128–29, 135.Google Scholar
46 See Morin, supra note 39, at 67.Google Scholar
47 See id. at 67.Google Scholar
48 Nancy, supra note 42, at 23.Google Scholar
49 See Neyrat, supra note 9, at 77–79.Google Scholar
50 Daniel Augenstein, We the People: EU Justice as Politics, in Europe's Justice Deficit 153, 159 (Dimitry Kochenov, Grainne De Burca, & Andrew Williams eds., 2015).Google Scholar
51 Id. at 159.Google Scholar
52 Alexander Somek demands social justice: “[M]onetary union appears to have resulted in the rise of a collective Bonapartism that benefits bankers and harms low earners in the Union.” Alexander Somek, The Preoccupation with Rights and the Embrace of Inclusion: A Critique, in Europe's Justice Deficit 295, 309 (Dimitry Kochenov, Grainne De Burca & Andrew Williams eds., 2015).Google Scholar
53 See Norris, Andrew, Jean-Luc Nancy on the Political after Heidegger and Schmitt, in Jean-Luc Nancy and Plural Thinking: Expositions of World, Ontology, Politics, and Sense 143 (Peter Gratton & Marie-Eve Morin eds., 2012).Google Scholar
54 Loïc Azoulai, The European Individual as Part of Collective Entities (Market, Family, Society), in Constructing the Person in EU Law—Rights, Roles, Identities 203 (Loïc Azoulai, Ségolène Barbou des Places, & Etienne Pataut eds., 2016).Google Scholar
55 See, e.g., Charlotte O'Brien, Civis Capitalist Sum: Class as the New Guiding Principle of EU Free Movement Rights, 53 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 937 (2016).Google Scholar
56 See Azoulai, supra note 55; see also Charlotte O'Brien, Case Law. The ECJ Sacrifices EU Citizenship in Vain: Commission v. United Kingdom, 54 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 209 (2017).Google Scholar
57 See Norris, supra note 6, at 275.Google Scholar
58 See Nancy, supra note 43, at 61–74.Google Scholar
59 See Étienne Balibar, We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship 69 (James Swenson trans., 2003).Google Scholar
60 For more on this understanding of communication, see also Norris, supra note 53, at 147.Google Scholar
63 See Balibar, supra note 59, at 70–71.Google Scholar
62 Armstrong et al., supra note 5, at 95.Google Scholar
63 See Neyrat, supra note 9, at 80.Google Scholar