1 See, e.g., Frank Balmes & Ribbrock, Martin, Die Schlussanträge in der Rechtssache Meilicke—Vorschlag einer zeitlichen Begrenzung der Wirkung des Urteils “auf Zuruf” der Mitlgiedstaaten?!, 1 Betriebs-Berater 17 (2006); Thomas Beukers, Case C-409/06, Winner Wetten GmbH v. Bürgermeisterin der Stadt Bergheim, Judgment of the Court of Justice (Grand Chamber) of 8 September 2010, 48 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 1985 (2011); T. Koopmans, Retrospectivity Reconsidered, 39 Cambridge L.J. 287 (1980); Michael Lang, Limitation of the Temporal Effects of Judgments of the ECJ, 35 INTERTAX 230 (2007); Roman Seer, The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice: Limitation of the Legal Consequences?, 2006 Eur. Tax'n 470; M. Waelbroeck, May the Court of Justice Limit the Retrospective Operation of its Judgments?, 1 Y.B. Eur. L. 115 (1981); Ariane Wiedmann, Non-Retroactive or Prospective Ruling by the Court of Justice of the European Communities in Preliminary Rulings According to Article 234 EC, 5/6 Eur. L.F. 197 (2006).Google Scholar

2 See infra Part B.Google Scholar

3 See infra Part C.Google Scholar

4 See, e.g., Case 24/86, Blaizot v Univ. of Liège, 1988 E.C.R. 379, para. 27; Case C-347/00, Barreira Pérez v. INSS, 2002 E.C.R. I-08191, para. 44; Case C-453/02, Finanzamt Gladbech v. Linneweber, 2005 E.C.R. I-01131, para. 41; Case C-292/04, Meilicke v. Finanzamt Bonn-Innenstadt, 2007 E.C.R. I-01835, para. 34.Google Scholar

5 See infra Part D.Google Scholar

6 Charles de Secondat Montesquieu, Oeuvres de Monsieur de Montesquieu: De L'Esprit des Loix 391 (1764) (translation: The national judges are no more than the mouth that pronounces the words of the law.).Google Scholar

7 See Walter van Gerven, Het Beleid van de Rechter 72 (1973); see also Pascale Deumier, Création du droit et rédaction des arrěts par la Cour de cassation, 50 Archives de philosophie du Droit 49, 53–54 (2007); François Ost, L'heure du jugement. Sur la rétroactivité des décisions de justice. Vers un droit transitoire de la modification des règles jurisprudentielles, in Temps et droit. Le droit a-t-il pour vocation de durer? 91, 94 (François Ost & Mark Van Hoecke eds., 1998).Google Scholar

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10 See Christian Behrendt, Le juge constitutionnel, un législateur-cadre positif (2006).Google Scholar

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13 Translation: Mouth of the law.Google Scholar

14 See Ost, supra note 7, at 95.Google Scholar

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84 Id. §§ 78, 79.Google Scholar

85 Id. § 82 (stating explicitly that the sections 77 and 78 of the Federal Constitutional Court Act apply mutatis mutandis).Google Scholar

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122 Id. § 45(4).Google Scholar

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136 See Conseil constitutionnel [CC] [Constitutional Court] decision No. 2010–83, Jan. 13, 2011, J.O. 881 (Fr.).Google Scholar

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143 This, however, does not exclude national judges to refer questions of interpretation to the CJEU, even if they already were the subject of a preliminary ruling in a similar case. See Case C-30/62, Da Costa & Schaake v. Netherlands Inland Revenue Admin., 1963 E.C.R special edition 00031; Cases C-332/92, C-333/92 and C-335/92, Eurico Italia v. Ente Nazionale Risi, 1994 E.C.R. I-00711, para. 15; Case C-453/00, Kühne & Heitz v. Productschap voor Pluimvee en Eieren, 2004 E.C.R. I-00837; Barents, supra note 49, at 338–39; René Barents, Directory of EU Case Law on the Preliminary Ruling Procedure 262 (2009); Chalmers et al., supra note 140, at 171.Google Scholar

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151 See e.g. Case 145/79, Roquette Frères v. Administration des douanes, 1980 E.C.R. 02917; Case 112/83, Société des produits de maïs SA v. Admin. des douanes et droits indirects, 1985 E.C.R. 00719; Case C-33/84, Fragd v. Amministrazione delle finanze dello Stato, 1985 E.C.R 01605; Case 41/84, Pietro Pinna v. Caisse d'allocations familiales de la Savoie, 1986 E.C.R. 00001; Case C-333/07, Société Régie Networks v. Direction de contrôle fiscal Rhône-Alpes Bourgogne, 2008 E.C.R. I-10807.Google Scholar

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164 See Case C-475/03, Banca popolare di Cremona Soc. coop. arl v. Agenzia Entrate Ufficio Cremona, 2006 E.C.R. I-09373, at para. 181 (Opinion of Advocate General Stix-Hackl); Case C-292/04, Meilicke v. Finanzamt Bonn-Innenstadt, 2007 E.C.R. I-01835, at para. 14 (Opinion of Advocate General Stix-Hackl); Wiedmann, supra note 1, at 199.Google Scholar

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175 See Sportwettengesetz Nordrhein-Westfalen [Act on Bets on Sporting Competitions of North Rhine Westphalia], May, 3, 1955, SGV NRW 7126, art. 1(1) (Ger.).Google Scholar

176 Formerly articles 43 and 49, respectively, of the Treaty Establishing the European Community.Google Scholar

177 See Case C-409/06, Winner Wetten v. Bürgemeisterin der Stadt Bergheim, 2010 E.C.R. I-08015, paras. 53–61.Google Scholar

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180 The national legislation at issue did not effectively contribute to limiting betting activities in a consistent and systematic manner. See Case C-409/06, Winner Wetten v. Bürgemeisterin der Stadt Bergheim, 2010 E.C.R. I-08015, paras. 62–69.Google Scholar

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199 See Case C-41/11, Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL & Terre wallonne ASBL v. Région Wallonne, 2012 E.C.R. 00000, paras. 16–47 (Opinion of Advocate General Kokott); Case C-41/11, Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL & Terre wallonne ASBL v. Région Wallonne, 2012 E.C.R. 00000, paras. 39–63.Google Scholar

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201 Id. at para. 37.Google Scholar

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203 Article 14ter states: “Where the Council so deems necessary, it shall, by a general ruling, specify which effects of the nullified provisions of administrative regulations are to be considered maintained or be provisionally maintained for the period appointed by the Council”. See Sarah Verstraelen, Artikel 14ter RvS-wet als alternatief voor legislatieve validatie? Of hoe het ene probleem door het andere vervangen wordt, 2 Tijdschrift voor Bestuurswetenschappen en Publiekrecht [TBP] 100, 100–13 (2012); Verstraelen, supra note 81, at 356–60.Google Scholar

204 See Lock, supra note 202, at 222–23.Google Scholar

205 See Cases C-105/09 and C-110/09, Terre wallonne ASBL & Inter-Environnement Wallonie ASBL v. Région wallonne, 2010 E.C.R. I-05611.Google Scholar

206 See Verstraelen, , supra note 81, at 358–59.Google Scholar

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208 See Cases C-186/11 and C-209/11, Stanleybet & Sportingbet v. Ypourgos Oikonomias kai Oikonomikon, 2013 E.C.R. 00000, paras. 70–71 (Opinion of Advocate General Mazák).Google Scholar

209 Lock, supra note 202, at 227–29.Google Scholar

210 See also Adinolfi, Adelina, The “Procedural Autonomy” of Member States and the Constraints Stemming from the ECJ's Case Law: Is Judicial Activism Still Necessary?, in The European Court of Justice and the autonomy of the member states 281, 291–96 (Hans W. Micklitz & Bruno De Witte eds., 2012).Google Scholar