¹ Zaragoza, Universidad De, Notas mínimas de ingreso. Grados (2013–2014), http://wzar.unizar.es/servicios/acceso/admisgrado/corte/grados13_14.pdf (explaining, for example, the minimum admission mark at the University of Zaragoza in the academic year 2013–2014 was 5/10 for the Law School, 9.54/10 for nursing, and 8.75/10 for medicine).Google Scholar

² See Las notas de entrada para las facultades de todas las universidades públicas españolas, El Pais, http://www.elpais.com/especial/universidades/.Google Scholar

³ Silio, Elisa, Las autonomías desoyen al Gobierno y aprueban campus con su oposición, El Pais (Apr. 25, 2014), http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2014/04/25/actualidad/1398457119_096004.html (explaining this high number is still increasing despite the economic crisis).Google Scholar

⁴ See generally Universidades de España, Foundation Universidad (2014), http://www.universidad.es/es/en-espana/estudiar-en-espana/universidades-de-espana.Google Scholar

⁵ See Eurostat, , Average Age of Young People When Leaving the Parental Household, By Sex, European Commission (Dec. 9, 2010), http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php?title=File:Average_age_of_young_people_when_leaving_the_parental_household,_by_sex,_2007.png&filetimestamp=20101209133941; see also Alessandra Rusconi, Leaving the Parental Home in West Germany and Italy: Opportunities and Constraints, http://www.demogr.mpg.de/Papers/workshops/000906_paper02.pdf (comparing Germany with another southern European country such as Italy).Google Scholar

⁶ OECD, Program for International Student Assessment 2012 Results in Focus (2014), http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results-overview.pdf (The Spanish results are clearly lower that the results of the OECD countries: Germany—16th position and Spain—33rd position.); Cristina Cadenas Sánchez & Francisco Javier Huertas Delgado, Informe PISA en España: un análisis al detalle, 17 Profesorado: Revista de currículum y formación del profesorado 243 (2013).Google Scholar

⁷ See Enders, Jürgen & Boer, Harry De, The Mission Impossible of the European University: Institutional Confusion and Institutional Diversity, in European Integration and the Governance of Higher Education and Research 159 (A. Amaral et al. eds., 2009) (National differences make it difficult to harmonize universities in the European Union.); see also Jeroen Huisman & Frans van Vught, Diversity in European Higher Education: Historical Trends and Current Policies, in Mapping the Higher Education Landscape 17 (F. van Vught ed., 2009).Google Scholar

⁸ See Sergio Llebaría Samper, el proceso bolonia: la enseñanza del derecho a juicio. ¿Absolución o condena? (2009); Luis Cazorla González Serrano, Breves reflexiones sobre los primeros años de aplicación del plan Bolonia y su nuevo proceso de transmisión de conocimientos en la universidad española: luces y sombras derivadas de una experiencia personal docente, in La evaluación e innovación docente en el Grado de Derecho 99 (Ignacio Calatayud Prats et al. eds., 2013).Google Scholar

⁹ Trillo, Manuel, Los males crónicos de la universidad española: Politización, endogamia, exceso de centros y títulos y escasa investigación de calidad, entre los grandes lastres, Domingo (May 4, 2014), http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/2014/05/04/018.html.Google Scholar

¹⁰ See University of Manchester Post-Crash Economics Society, http://www.post-crasheconomics.com/ (In the economics field, a group of economics students at Manchester University have recently created the Post-Crash Economics Society, arguing that “the content of the economics syllabus and teaching methods could and should be seriously rethought.”).Google Scholar

¹¹ Gómez, Katia Fach, Why Does Legal English Sound Like Gibberish to Many Spanish Law Students?, 43 A.B.A. Int'l Legal News (2014).Google Scholar

¹² Kristof, Nicholas, Professors, We Need You!, New York Times (Jan. 2, 2014), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/16/opinion/sunday/kristof-professors-we-need-you.html?_r=0 (dealing with the use of the expression “That's academic” in a pejorative way).Google Scholar

¹³ Piñeiro, Laura Carballo, Legal Education in Spain: Challenges and Risks in Devising Access to the Legal Professions, 19 Int'l J. Legal Professions 339 (2012).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Rengel, Alexandra & Fach, Katia, The Transformative Potential of Technology in Higher Education: The Shortcomings of MOOC's, the Benefits of Face-to-Face Learning and the Hybrid Model as a Possible Optimal Solution (A 2013 Spanish Case Study) (Aug. 6, 2014), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2476854.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Gómez, Katia Fach, Ventajas del Problem Based Learning (PBL) como método de aprendizaje del Derecho Internacional, Bordón 5 (2012) (providing an example of this kind of experience carried out in my International Law classes).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Vallespín, Ivanna & J. A. Aunión, El alumnado de master cae por primera vez tras la subida de tasas, El Pais (Mar. 9, 2013), http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2013/03/09/actualidad/1362857369_438513.html.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Gómez, Katia Fach, Why Does Legal English Sound Like Gibberish to Many Spanish Law Students?, 43 A.B.A. Int'l Legal News 16 (2014).Google Scholar

¹⁸ The 2014 Spanish Parliamentary Agreement on I+D+I R&D&I is promising in this sense, see Carta por la Ciencia (Dec. 19, 2013), http://conimasdmasihayfuturo.com/2013/12/19/firma-del-acuerdo-parlamentario-por-la-idi-un-compromiso-historico-por-el-futuro/.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Cirac, Juan Ignacio, Para salir de la crisis hay que invertir en los mejores cerebros, El Mundo (Aug. 28, 2014), http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/2014/08/28/53fe1548ca4741233a8b4580.html (The statements made by a Spanish scientist now based at a prestigious European institution are symptomatic in this sense.).Google Scholar

²⁰ See E. García de Blas & A. J. Mora Caballero, La endogamia enferma al campus, El Pais (Mar. 23, 2014), http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2014/03/23/actualidad/1395604536_271638.html (revealing that professors who change university are more productive scientifically).Google Scholar

²¹ See Academic Ranking of World Universities 2013, http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html.Google Scholar

²² Tallantyre, Steve, Spain's “Lost Generation” Give up Work and Study, The Local (June 26, 2013), http://www.thelocal.es/20130626/study-shows-surge-in-spains-lost-generation.Google Scholar

²³ Young and Educated in Europe, but Desperate for Jobs, New York Times (Nov. 16, 2013), http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/16/world/europe/youth-unemployment-in-europe.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.Google Scholar

²⁴ See Fátima Báñez llama a la fuga de cerebros movilidad exterior, Publico (Apr. 17, 2014), http://www.publico.es/espana/453846/fatima-banez-llama-a-la-fuga-de-cerebros-movilidad-exterior.Google Scholar

²⁵ See Noticias en los medios sobre la presentación de Erasmus+ y los cambios introducidos, Conferencia de Rectores de las Universidades Espanolas (Jan. 23, 2013), http://www.crue.org/PrensaYComunicacion/SalaPrensa/Documents/Apariciones%20medios/2014/Noticias%20Erasmus.pdf.Google Scholar

²⁶ See Pablo Iglesias, El perfil del votante de Podemos: joven urbano con estudios, RTVE (Aug. 11, 2014), http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20140811/perfil-del-votante-podemos-joven-urbano-estudios-pero-tambien-tan-jovenes/991043.shtml.Google Scholar

²⁷ J. J. Gálvez & Kadner, M., Podemos se convierte en la sorpresa y logra cinco escaños en Estrasburgo, El Pais (May 26, 2014), http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/05/25/actualidad/1401009854_060215.html.Google Scholar

²⁸ See generally PODEMOS, http://podemos.info/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Programa-Podemos.pdf.Google Scholar

²⁹ See Antonio Jiménez Barca, La generación de los mil euros. Retrato de unos jóvenes hipercualificados, que pasaron por la Universidad pero están condenados a vivir con unos sueldos precarios, El Pais (Oct. 23, 2005), http://elpais.com/diario/2005/10/23/domingo/1130038892_850215.html.Google Scholar

³⁰ Noa De La Torre, Así se reinventa la Universidad, El Mundo (June 7, 2014), http://www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2014/07/06/53b9669622601de71c8b456f.html.Google Scholar

³¹ Clara Eugenia Núñez, Universidad y Ciencia en España (2013) (interesting in this sense, this book is written by a university professor who has also held political positions in the education field in Spain).Google Scholar

³² See Pain, Elisabeth, Research Cuts will Cause Exodus from Spain, Science (Apr. 13, 2012), http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6078/139 (In this sense, this article published in Science acquired great notoriety in Spain.).Google Scholar

³³ See Rivera, Alicia, El éxito científico de España ha caído por la falta de financiación, El Pais (Apr. 22, 2014), http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2014/04/22/actualidad/1398192507_757284.html (The words of Dr. Bourguignon, President of the European Research Council are paradigmatic in this sense.).Google Scholar

³⁴ See Moro-Martin, Amaya, Despedida de una científica que está hacienda las maletas, El Pais (Aug. 19, 2013), http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2013/08/19/actualidad/1376935600_483731.html; see also, Alicia Rivera, El sistema de ciencia español no responde a las necesidades del siglo XXI, El Pais (Feb. 11, 2014), http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2014/02/11/actualidad/1392154716_227536.html (A letter addressed to the President of Spain written by a Spanish scientist who left the country and went to the United States acquired great relevance.).Google Scholar

³⁵ See Spiewak, Von Martin, Forschung aus fairer Produktion, Zeit Online (2014), http://www.zeit.de/2014/11/universitaeten-wissenschaftlicher-nachwuchs/komplettansicht; see also Tomasz Mroczkowski, From Breakthrough to Incremental Innovation Leadership: Lessons from Germany, 5 J. Knowledge Econ. 409 (2014) (highlighting some of the problems of the German scientific environment).Google Scholar

³⁶ See generally Exzellenzinitiative (Jan. 19, 2009), www.exzellenz-initiative.de/start (A good example of this is the German Excellence Initiative, where “politics and science joined together to promote outstanding research projects and institutions at Germany's universities.”).Google Scholar

³⁷ See Rivera, Alicia, Los científicos piden que la inversión en I+D no compute como déficit, El Pais (May 21, 2014), http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2014/05/21/actualidad/1400682593_233247.html.Google Scholar

³⁸ Barnes, Hector G., Los ocho males del profesor universitario: es uno de los trabajos más tóxicos que existen, El Confidenencial (July 7, 2014), http://www.elconfidencial.com/alma-corazon-vida/2014-07-07/los-8-males-del-profesor-universitario-es-uno-de-los-trabajos-mas-toxicos-que-existen_156018/.Google Scholar

³⁹ The solution could be the creation of “teaching awards”—similar to the “sexenios de investigación”—granted by the Spanish Ministry of Education, or the option to allow teachers to choose between carrying out predominantly teaching or research activities. This question is controversial, however, since the report referred to in footnote 44 suggests just the opposite; that is, that the importance of the teaching facet should be reduced when assessing the curricula of university staff in order to grant a possible promotion.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Social Sciences and Humanities Scientific Committees, Humanities and Social Sciences in Horizon 2020 Societal Challenges: Implementation and Monitoring, Science Europe (Nov. 2013), http://www.scienceeurope.org/uploads/PublicDocumentsAndSpeeches/SSH_Horizon2020_WEB_fin.pdf (advocating a more prominent role for the Social Sciences and Humanities in Horizon 2020, an opinion paper).Google Scholar

⁴¹ Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: European Research Area Progress Report 2013, COM (2013) 637 final (Sept. 20, 2013). In this sense, article 17 of the Regulation 1291/2013 states that: “Researchers' careers: Horizon 2020 shall be implemented in accordance with Regulation (EU) No 1290/2013, which shall contribute to the reinforcement of a single market for researchers and attractiveness of researchers' careers across the Union in the context of the ERA, by taking into account the transnational character of the majority of the actions supported under it.” Commission Regulation 1291/2013, of The European Parliament And of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing Horizon 2020 - the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014–2020) and Repealing Decision No. 1982/2006/EC, 2013 O.J. (L 347/104).Google Scholar

⁴² Fariza, Ignacio & Silió, Elisa, Ningún campus español entre el centenary con más impacto investigador, El Pais (May 13, 2014), http://sociedad.elpais.com/sociedad/2014/05/13/actualidad/1399976549_650954.html (pointing out the poor results of Spanish Universities in international research rankings).Google Scholar

⁴³ Sixto Sánchez Lorenzo, De bestiis universitatis (esos tipos universitarios) (2004) (dealing with the—sometimes pathological—profiles of law professors).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Propuestas para la reforma y mejora de la calidad y eficiencia del sistema universitario español (Feb. 12, 2013), http://www.usc.es/export/sites/default/gl/web/descargas/propuestas-reforma.pdf (This report was prepared in 2013 by a committee of scholars selected by the Minister of Education Jose Ignacio Wert.).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Antonio Jesús Mora Caballero, El TSJA anula una plaza de catedrático que favorecía a uno de los candidatos, El Pais (Mar. 3, 2014), http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2014/03/03/andalucia/1393849120_949640.html.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ See generally National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation of Spain (ANECA), http://www.aneca.es/eng/ANECA (explaining ANECA is a Foundation whose aim is to provide external quality assurance for the Spanish Higher Education System and to contribute to its constant improvement through the evaluation of the CVs of applicants willing to access Spanish civil servant academic staff bodies).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Rodriguez, Eva Mosquera, Las mujeres científicas siguen sin romper el techo de cristal, El Mundo (Oct. 10, 2014), http://www.elmundo.es/ciencia/2014/07/10/53beb7d3ca4741f8298b4586.html.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ See generally Hidalgo, Carlos, Imputada la cúpula de la Escuela de Medicina Legal de la Complutense, ABC (June 5, 2014), http://www.abc.es/madrid/20140506/abci-imputada-cupula-escuela-medicina-201405052139.html (providing more bloodcurdling cases where law professors seem to be involved); see also Imputados por injurias el exrector Abril y el exsecretario general de la Uva Calonge, Ultimero Cero (Feb. 20, 2014), http://www.ultimocero.com/articulo/imputados-por-injurias-el-exrector-abril-y-el-exsecretario-general-la-uva-calonge.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See generally Next Generation of Young Scientist: Towards a Contemporary Spirit of R&I - Sci-GENERATION, European Cooperation in Science and Technology (May 15, 2014), http://www.cost.eu/about_cost/strategy/targeted_networks/sci-generation (An interesting initiative in this sense is the creation of Sci-Generation, an initiative “that aims at elaborating contemporary scientific thought and thereby disseminating a new Spirit of Research and Innovation in Europe.”).Google Scholar

⁵⁰ María Matesanz del Barrio, Los retos de la publicaciones científicas españolas en el desarrollo de la Europa del conocimiento, @tic. Revista d'innovació educativa 20 (2010) (pointing out the shortcomings of many Spanish journals).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Olivier, Mme Maud & M. Jean-Pierre Leleux, Faire connaître et partager les cultures scientifiques, techniques et industrielles: un imperative, Assemblée Nationale (Jan. 9, 2014), http://www.senat.fr/rap/r13-274/r13-2741.pdf (In this sense, this recent French political initiative is highly interesting.).Google Scholar

⁵² Resolución de 15 de noviembre de 2013, de la Comisión Nacional Evaluadora de la Actividad Investigadora, por la que se publican los criterios específicos aprobados para cada uno de los cambios de evaluación, Boletín Oficial del Estado (Nov. 21, 2013), http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2013/11/21/pdfs/BOE-A-2013-12234.pdf.Google Scholar

⁵³ Dzeng, Elizabeth, How Academia and Publishing Are Destroying Scientific Innovation: A Conversation with Sydney Brenner, King's Review (Feb. 24, 2014), http://kingsreview.co.uk/magazine/blog/2014/02/24/how-academia-and-publishing-are-destroying-scientific-innovation-a-conversation-with-sydney-brenner/ (pointing out some of the risks of this trend).⁵⁴ Rafael Argullol, La cultura enclaustrada. La Universidad se ha replegado sobre sí misma como consecuencia de un nuevo antiintelectualismo favorecido por una sacralización del paper cuya confección obliga a renunciar a toda creatividad y riesgo, El Pais (Apr. 5, 2014), http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/03/25/opinion/1395742979_031566.html.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Argullol, Rafael, La cultura enclaustrada. La Universidad se ha replegado sobre sí misma como consecuencia de un nuevo antiintelectualismo favorecido por una sacralización del paper cuya confección obliga a renunciar a toda creatividad y riesgo, El Pais (Apr. 5, 2014), http://elpais.com/elpais/2014/03/25/opinion/1395742979_031566.html.Google Scholar