1 Kelsen, Hans, Das Problem der Souveränität und die Theorie des Völkerrechts (2nd ed. 1928); on the Vienna School: Stolleis, Michael, Geschichte des Öffentlichen Rechts in Deutschland, vol. 3: Staats- und Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft in Republik und Diktatur, 1914–1945 163–171 (1999).Google Scholar

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24 On this point: Ian Scobbie, supra note 9, 348–350.Google Scholar

25 Koskenniemi, , supra note 2, 26.; see with an overview of different theoretical approaches to the function of international law: Ulrich Fastenrath, Lücken im Völkerrecht, Zu Rechtscharakter, Quellen, Systemzusammenhang, Methodenlehre und Funktionen des Völkerrechts 252–268 (1991).Google Scholar

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32 See below.Google Scholar

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39 I borrow this term from Camus, Albert, Le Mythe de Sisyphe (1942), chapt. 1.Google Scholar

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45 Koskenniemi, Martti, The Place of Law in Collective Security, 17 Michigan Journal of International Law 455, 468 (1996).Google Scholar

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50 Schmitt, Carl, Der Begriff des Politischen 55 (1932, reissue 1979).Google Scholar

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55 Koskenniemi, , supra note 46, 455.Google Scholar

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58 Koskenniemi, , supra note 50, 60.Google Scholar

59 Id., 61.Google Scholar

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62 Koskenniemi, Martti, Book Review – Giovanna Borradori (Ed.), Philosophy in a Time of Terror. Dialogues with Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida (Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press 2003), 4 German Law Journal 1084 (2003), available at http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=319.Google Scholar

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64 For Koskenniemi, , human rights can have a negative effect on political culture. Institutionalised rights can loose their progressive character and marginalize those community-values or interests that resist translation into rights language, Koskenniemi, Martti, The Effect of Rights on a Political Culture, in The EU and Human Rights, 99 (Philip Alston ed., 1999), Koskenniemi agrees with Karl Marx that human rights are a “theology of the bourgeois state whose citizens are obsessed by their weakness, and fearful of “evil” are ever ready to turn whatever powers into the hands of a bureaucratic theocracy”, Koskenniemi, Martti, What Should International Lawyers Learn from Karl Marx?, 17 Leiden Journal of International Law 229, 244 (2004); in line with his own concept of legal universalism Koskenniemi acknowledges, however, that rights can open a political culture to experiences of injustice and “provide a voice through which the pain of torture, for example can be articulated”, Koskenniemi, Martti, The Effect of Rights on a Political Culture, in The EU and Human Rights 99 (Philip Alston ed., 1999); on the concept of human rights as a medium to express experiences of injustice and fear: Günther, Klaus, The Legacies of Injustice and Fear: A European Approach to Human Rights and their Effects on Political Culture, in The EU and Human Rights, 177 (Philip Alston ed., 1999); on Koskenniemi's “negative” universalism and human rights: Brunkhorst, Hauke, Verfallsgeschichten, 2 Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 295, 311 (2002).Google Scholar

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