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³⁶ But see Wojciech Sadurski, Rights Before Courts: A Study of Constitutional Courts in Postcommunist States of Central and Eastern Europe 233 (2d ed. 2014).Google Scholar

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³⁹ The phrase “fight for independence” against external influence is often used by Viktor Orbán https://visegradpost.com/en/2017/07/24/full-speech-of-v-orban-will-europe-belong-to-europeans/, and Jaroslaw Kaczynski https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-11/poland-ready-to-fight-its-allies-for-sovereignty-kaczynski-says.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ In the case of national identity the Slovak political discussion is dominated by Robert Fico's Smer party, the Hungarian discussion by Viktor Orbán's Fidesz party, the Polish discussion by Jaroslaw Kaczisky's PiS party, the Czech discussion by Pavel Belobrádek's KDU and Petr Fiala's ODS parties. National Identities in CEE — country case studies, available at http://www.ceeidentity.eu/news/national-0 and http://www.ceeidentity.eu/blog/ten-years-after-0 Google Scholar

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⁴³ The second (2010-2014) and third (2014-) Orbán-government and the (2015-) Szydłto-government.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ This article uses the notions identity review and identity control interchangeably.Google Scholar

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⁵³ The court decision is embedded in a wider national political context, but this article does not go into the details, since the contributions of Balázs Majtényi and Zsolt Körtvélyesi present and analyze the relevant Hungarian political events.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ Id. at 1045.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Act CXLII of 2015 on the amendment of the Act LXXX of 2007 on Asylum was adopted to enact the “state of crisis caused by mass migration” and to make it possible to renew the state of crisis indefinitely at six-month intervals. The government declared and prolonged the state of crisis in the following decrees 269/2015, 270/2015, 41/2016, 272/2016, 36/2017, and 247/2017.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See Act CLXXV of 2015 on Acting Against the Compulsory Settlement Quota System in Defense of Hungary and Europe.Google Scholar

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⁶³ The Seventh Amendment and the HCC's decision use the phrase “constitutional self-identity,” but this paper continues to apply the notion of constitutional identity.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Although the ombudsman's petition contained several points, the Court dealt only with the issue of interpreting the EU clause and left the EU refugee relocation issue to another decision. See Identity decision, supra note 52, para. 29.Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfGE] [Federal Constitutional Court], Dec. 15, 2015, [2 BvR 2735/14], para. 41.Google Scholar

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