¹ See, Nissenbaum's discussion of Ruth Gavison's definition of privacy as a “measure of the access other have to you through information, attention, and physical proximity:” Helen Nissenbaum, Privacy in Context 68 (2009) [Nissenbaum]; philosopher, Jeffrey Reiman's definition of privacy as “the condition under which other people are deprived of access to either some information about you or some experience of you:” Id., 70; legal scholar, Anita Allen's definition of proprietary privacy as “control over name, likenesses and repositories of personal information:” Id., 71; Charles Fried “who suggested that privacy is a necessary condition for love, friendship and trust:” Id., 97.Google Scholar

² See, Nissenbaum's discussion of social media website, Facebook and its founder, Mark Zuckerberg: Id., 61-2; and her reference to experts and non-experts today asserting categorically that “the youth of today do not care about privacy:” Id., 221.Google Scholar

³ See, FourSquare, available at: http://foursquare.com/.Google Scholar

⁴ U.S. Supreme Court case, NASA v. Nelson 562 US 2011 is considered one of “the first constitutional rights to information privacy cases in a generation;” see, Lior Strahilevitz, The Centenarian Who Wasn't, NASA v. Nelson, and the Constitutional Right to Information Privacy, University of Chicago Law School, Faculty Blog (23 September 2010), available at: http://uchicagolaw.typepad.com/faculty/2010/09/the-centenarian-who-wasnt-nasa-v-nelson-and-the-constitutional-right-to-information-privacy.html.Google Scholar

⁵ See, Helen Nissenbaum's New York University faculty biography, available at: http://www.nyu.edu/projects/nissenbaum/main_cv.html.Google Scholar

⁶ Solove has also commented on privacy rights in NASA v. Nelson in Daniel Solove, NASA v. Nelson: Is There a Constitutional Right to Information Privacy?, Concurring Opinions (9 March 2010), available at: http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2010/03/nasa-v-nelson-is-there-a-constitutional-right-to-information-privacy.html.Google Scholar

⁷ See, Solove, Daniel J., Understanding Privacy (Harvard University Press, 2008); Solove is a Professor of Law at George Washington University Law School who in this cited book provides an overview of surveillance, data mining, identity theft and other privacy related issues, available at: http://docs.law.gwu.edu/facweb/dsolove/Understanding-Privacy/.Google Scholar

⁸ See, Benkler, Yochai, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (Yale University Press, 2006); Benkler is a Professor of Law at Yale Law School who discusses in this cited book the phenomenon of “social production in reshaping markets, while at the same time offering new opportunities to enhance individual freedom, cultural diversity, political discourse, and justice,” available at: http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300110561; see also, electronic version of this book available at: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/wealth_of_networks/index.php?title=Download_PDFs_of_the_book. For a review of the book, see James Brink, Book Review – Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (2006), 7 German Law Journal 853-862 (2006), available at http://www.germanlawjournal.com/index.php?pageID=11&artID=765.Google Scholar

⁹ Ian Kerr is the Canada Research Chair in Ethics, Law and Technology at the University of Ottawa, Faculty of Law; see, Lessons from the Identity Trail: Anonymity, Privacy and Identity in a Networked Society (Ian Kerr, Valerie Steeves, and Carole Lucock, eds., Oxford University Press, 2009); see also, electronic version of this book available at: http://www.idtrail.org/content/view/799.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Nissenbaum (note 1), 21.Google Scholar

¹¹ Id., 22.Google Scholar

¹² Id., 25.Google Scholar

¹³ Id., 29.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Id., 64.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Id., 90.Google Scholar

¹⁶ See, generally, Habermas, Jürgen, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (1991).Google Scholar

¹⁷ Nissenbaum (note 1), 90.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Id., 92; see also, id., 99 for a discussion of U.S Supreme Court case, California v. Greenwood (1998) 486 U.S. 35 where persons have no reasonable expectation of privacy for personal garbage placed on a curbside can be the subject of government searches by virtue of being discarded in a public space.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Id., 100.Google Scholar

²⁰ Id., 125.Google Scholar

²¹ Id., 126.Google Scholar

²² Id., 127.Google Scholar

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²⁴ Id., 127.Google Scholar

²⁵ The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLB) Pub.L. 106-102, 113 Stat. 1338, enacted November 12, 1999, also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, sought among other matters, to redraw conditions under which financial institutions disclosed nonpublic personal information about consumers and resulted in law suits against the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that its rules flowing from this legislation were unlawful and unconstitutional: Id., 100, 153–156.Google Scholar

²⁶ The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) 2000, c.5 is Canadian federal legislation relating to data privacy that governs how private-sector organizations collect, use, and disclose personal information in the course of commercial business. It influences many areas of privacy including the privacy of medical prescriptions and consumer trust in electronic commerce. The Act was also intended to reassure the European Union that Canadian privacy law was adequate to protect the personal information of European citizens. Since 2010, PIPEDA has been subject to a number of significant amendments regarding personal information and internet spam. For more legal information about PIPEDA, see Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, available at: http://www.priv.gc.ca/leg_c/leg_c_p_e.cfm.Google Scholar

²⁷ Nissenbaum (note 1), 156-7.Google Scholar

²⁸ Id., 158.Google Scholar

²⁹ See, interview with Nissenbaum: Citron, Danielle, Bright Ideas: Helen Nissenbaum's Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy and the Integrity of Social Life, Concurring Opinions (18 January 2010), available at: http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2010/01/bright-ideas-helen-nissenbaums-privacy-in-context-technology-policy-and-the-integrity-of-social-life.html.Google Scholar

³⁰ New Book – Privacy in Context, The New Transparency: Surveillance and Social Sorting, available at: <http://www.sscqueens.org/news/new-book-privacy-in-context>..>Google Scholar

³¹ Nissenbaum (note 1), 187.Google Scholar

³² Id., backcover, 3.Google Scholar

³³ Id., 68, 78, 92: Nissenbaum particularly focuses on a comparative analysis of the ideas of Ruth Gavison, Privacy and the Limits of the Law, 89 Yale Law Journal 421-471 (1980).Google Scholar

³⁴ This term was originally coined by Mark Prensky, Digital Native, Digital Immigrants, 9(5) On the Horizon, (MCB University Press, October 2001), available at: http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/prensky%20%20digital%20natives,%20digital%20immigrants%20-%20partl.pdf; Prensky's ideas have expanded into an entire project on Youth & Media at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, available at: http://youthandmedia.org/.Google Scholar

³⁵ See, Orwell, George, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949) that originally created the fictional character, “Big Brother,” an enigmatic dictator of a dystopian world surveilled by a paternalistic-governmental entity.Google Scholar

³⁶ Michael Geist is the Canada Research Chair of Internet and E-commerce Law at the University of Ottawa and publishes a scholarly blog featuring commentary and analysis about recent developments in Canadian internet law, available at: http://www.michaelgeist.ca.Google Scholar

³⁷ Citizen Media Law Project, available at: <http://www.citmedialaw.org/; Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, available at: http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/.Google Scholar

³⁸ University of Oxford's Programme in Comparative Media Law & Policy (PCMLP), available at: http://pcmlp.socleg.ox.ac.uk/; PCMLP is affiliated with the University of Oxford's Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, available at: http://www.csls.ox.ac.uk/.Google Scholar

³⁹ Osgoode Hall Law School's Intellectual Property Law and Technology Program (IPOsgoode) features an academic blog by students and legal professionals about a wide variety of recent developments in Canadian and global intellectual property issues, available at: http://www.iposgoode.ca/.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, available at: http://www.bccla.org/.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Nissenbaum (note 1), 187.Google Scholar

⁴² Id., 243.Google Scholar

⁴³ Id., 221.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ See, movie review of The Social Network: J.R. Jones, The Price of Privacy: In ‘The Social Network,’ Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg Learns a Thing or Two About It, Chicago Reader (30 September 2010), available at: http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/the-social-network-movie-review-chicago/Content?oid=2492182; see also, The Social Network's official movie website, available at: http://www.thesocialnetwork-movie.com/.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Nissenbaum (note 1), 156-7.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Id., 59-62.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Id., 216.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Id., 217.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Id., 192-3.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ See, Privacy Rights Watchdog, available at: http://protectprivacyrights.com/.Google Scholar

⁵¹ The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is also acting as intervener for recent U.S. Supreme Court case, Nelson v. NASA, see supra note 4; EFF's amicus curiae on the impact on civil liberties for collection of state employee information are available at: https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/nasa_v_nelson/nasavnelsonamicus.pdf.Google Scholar

⁵² See, Electronic Privacy Information Centre, available at: http://epic.org/.Google Scholar

⁵³ See, for example, popular television shows such as MTV's Jersey Shore, The Hills, and Fox Network's American Idol etc. Google Scholar

⁵⁴ A self-posted YouTube video launched the career of international celebrity, Canadian teenaged pop singer-performer, Justin Bieber.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See, e.g., celebrity sex-tape scandals with billionaire hotel heiress, Paris Hilton, Heidi-Spencer from popular MTV reality television show series, The Hills, etc. Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Nissenbaum (note 1), 16.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Id., 156-7.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Id., 157.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Id., 16, 192-3, 217, 234-5, 245n2.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Id., 22, 188, 192.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Id., 193.Google Scholar

⁶² See, e.g., Curry, Bill, Privacy Breach at Veterans Affairs ‘Struck Terror in Our Hearts,' The Globe and Mail (22 September 2010), available at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/privacy-breach-at-veterans-affairs-struck-terror-in-our-hearts/article1718767/; see, e.g., use of “super-injunctions:” Cassell Bryan-Low, Celebrities Boost Use of U.K. Gag Order, Wall Street Journal (8 October 2010), available at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704011904575538002160153046.html; see, e.g., Wendy Kaminer, Restoring American Privacy, The Atlantic (7 October 2010), available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2010/10/restoring-american-privacy/64221/.Google Scholar

⁶³ Nissenbaum (note 1), 225.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ “Facebook fired” is a colloquial term referring to the phenomenon that Nissenbaum's describes without using this particular term: see, Id. Google Scholar