No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Re-Imagining the Cosmopolitan Constitution: A Comment on Alexander Somek's The Cosmopolitan Constitution
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2019
Abstract
This comment engages with Somek's account for the cosmopolitan constitution for two distinct purposes. It first builds on its inherent ambivalence to argue that hitherto Europe has experienced at least two different versions of the cosmopolitan constitution. Whereas in the formative period of the process of European integration, the cosmopolitan constitution manifested itself prevailingly in its more benign and democracy-enhancing political face, since the end of the 1970s it has developed a more controversial and democracy-inhibiting administrative profile. Secondly, the comment rejects as potentially regressive the proposal of redressing the biases inherent in the contemporary legal and political order by reviving the idea of a Machiavellian mixed constitution. To fulfill the promise of emancipation inspiring constitutionalism, the cosmopolitan constitution cannot segregate in separate institutions ordinary citizens and a market elite. Rather, the cosmopolitan constitution should be re-imagined with a view to reassert its original democracy-enhancing spirit and adapt it to the evolving circumstances of economic and political interdependence.
- Type
- Book Review
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2018 by German Law Journal GbR
References
1 See Somek, Alexander, The Cosmopolitan Constitution 25 (2014) (explaining that the cosmopolitan constitution can be defined in slightly different terms as “a national constitution that submits its operation to the supervision of international peer institutions.”).Google Scholar
2 Somek has confessed his Eurocentrism. See A. Somek, A proposito di “The Cosmopolitan Constitution” di Alexander Somek, 4 Rivista Trimestrale di Diritto Pubblico 927 (2017).Google Scholar
3 Somek, supra note 1, at 245.Google Scholar
4 Id. at 176–89.Google Scholar
5 Id. at 19–20.Google Scholar
6 Id. at 191–201.Google Scholar
7 See id. at 248–57 (mocking this argument as the “darling dogma of bourgeois Europeanists”).Google Scholar
8 Id. at 251.Google Scholar
9 Id. at 258–59.Google Scholar
10 Id. at 234.Google Scholar
11 Id. at 231.Google Scholar
12 Id. at 202.Google Scholar
13 Id. at 270–71.Google Scholar
14 Id. at 231.Google Scholar
15 Id. at 160–61.Google Scholar
16 Id. at 240–41.Google Scholar
17 Id. at 282.Google Scholar
18 Id. at 23.Google Scholar
19 Id. at 241.Google Scholar
20 Id. at 242–43.Google Scholar
21 Id. at 242.Google Scholar
22 Id. at 243.Google Scholar
23 See id. at chs. 4–5.Google Scholar
24 At least in the founding six member states. A similar point is raised in another comment included in this issue. See S. Rehling Larsen, European Exceptionalism? – A Response to Alexander Somek's The Cosmopolitan Constitution. Google Scholar
25 See Faraguna, P., Costituzione senza confini? Principi e fonti costituzionali tra sistema sovranazionale e diritto internazionale, in Immaginare la Repubblica. Mito e attualità dell'Assemblea Costituente 63 (F. Cortese et. al., eds., 2018).Google Scholar
26 The democracy-enhancing and democracy-inhibiting character of multilateral international arrangement is discussed in: R. Kehoane, S. Macedo & A. Moravcsik, Democracy Enhancing Multilateralism, 63 Int'l Org. 1 (2009).Google Scholar
27 See Somek, supra note 1 at chapters 2–3.Google Scholar
28 Mahlmann, M., Human Dignity and Autonomy in Modern Constitutional Orders, in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law 371 (M. Rosenfeld & A. Sajó eds., 2013).Google Scholar
29 In particular when applied to the economic and social sphere, see K. Ewing, Economic Rights in Rosenfeld & Sajó, supra note 28, at 1039–40.Google Scholar
30 Somek, supra note 1, at 154–55.Google Scholar
31 Id. at 124.Google Scholar
32 Id. at 155–56.Google Scholar
33 Id. at 158.Google Scholar
34 Id. at 156–57.Google Scholar
35 Moravcsik, A., The Origins of Human Rights Regimes: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe, 54 International Organization 217 (2000).Google Scholar
36 Ruggie, J. G., International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order, 26 International Organization 393–98 (1982).Google Scholar
37 Joerges, C., Sozialstaatlichkeitin Europe? A Conflict-of-Laws Approach to the Law of the EU and the Proceduralisation of Constitutionalisation, 10 German L.J. 341 (2009).Google Scholar
38 Menéndez, A. J., The Existential Crisis of the European Union 14 German L.J. 473 (2013).Google Scholar
39 Id. Google Scholar
40 Maduro, M., We, the Court. The European Court of Justice & the European Economic Constitution 143–49 (1999).Google Scholar
41 Tosato, G. L., La disciplina comunitaria degli aiuti tra economia di mercato ed interessi generali, in C. Pinelli & T. Treu, La costituzione economica: Italia, Europa 252–53 (il Mulino 2010).Google Scholar
42 See, e.g., Case C-263/86, Belgian State v. Humbel & Edel (Sept. 27, 1988), http://curia.europa.eu/.Google Scholar
43 De Búrca, G., Unpacking the Concept of Discrimination in EC and International Trade Law, in The Law of the Single European Market. Unpacking the Premises 188–91 (C. Barnard & J. Scott eds., 2002).Google Scholar
44 Case 120/78, Rewe-Zentral AG v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein (Feb. 20, 1979) http://curia.europa.eu/. In this case the Court departs from a non-discrimination construction of Article 34 TFEU in order to review indistinctly applicable regulatory measures hindering free movement. The very same outcome could have been achieved by arguing that the measure at hand was discriminatory in that it imposed a dual burden on imported goods. See S. Weatherill & P. Beaumont, EU Law 608–99 (1999).Google Scholar
45 Maduro, supra note 40 at 126–43.Google Scholar
46 Barnard, C., EU “Social” Policy: from Employment Law to Labour Market Reform, in The Evolution of EU Law 647 (P. Craig & G. de Búrca eds., 2011) (referring to health and safety and collective redundancies directives).Google Scholar
47 Id. at 645; see also F. de Witte, The Architecture of a Social Market Economy 7–9 (LSE Law, Soc'y and Econ. Working Papers no. 13, 2015).Google Scholar
48 Ruggie, J. G., Globalization and the Embedded Liberalism Compromise: The End of an Era? (MPIfG Working Paper 97/1), available at <http://www.mpifg.de/pu/workpap/wp97-1/wp97-1.html>..>Google Scholar
49 This narrative is grounded on significant constitutional developments, such as the shift to qualified majority voting, the expansion of EU competences, the increased power of the European Parliament, and the adoption of the iconography of Constitutionalism 2.0 (fundamental rights, social values inserted in EU horizontal clauses, and European citizenship). What is probably missing in this account is the persisting influence of the original identity traits of supranational law and, in particular, its enduring regulatory profile. For a more elaborate version of this argument see M. Dani, The Rise of the Supranational Executive and the Post-Political Drift of European Public Law 24 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 399–427 (2017).Google Scholar
50 Somek, supra note 1, at vi.Google Scholar
51 Its more extreme applications, however, have been partially curbed. See Case C-267/91, Keck & Mithouard (Nov. 24, 1993), http://curia.europa.eu/.Google Scholar
52 See Case C-76/90, Manfred Säger v. Dennemeyer & Co. (July 25, 1991), http://curia.europa.eu/ (services); Case C-415/93, Union royale belge des sociétés de football association ASBL v. Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal club liégeois SA v. Jean-Marc Bosman and others and Union des associations européennes de football (UEFA) v. Jean-Marc Bosman, (December 15, 1995), http://curia.europa.eu/ (workers); Case C-212/97, Centros Ltd v. Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen (March 9, 1999), http://curia.europa.eu/ (establishment); Case C-112/05, Commission v. Germany (October 23 2007), http://curia.europa.eu/ (capital).Google Scholar
53 Craig, P., The Evolution of the Single Market, in Barnard & Scott (eds.), supra note 43, at 35–36.Google Scholar
54 Commission White Paper on Completing the Internal Market, COM (83) 310 final (June 14, 1985).Google Scholar
55 Directive 88/361 for the implementation of Article 67 EEC, 1988 O.J. (L 178) 5 (EEC).Google Scholar
56 Offe, C., The European Model of “Social” Capitalism: Can It Survive European Integration? 11 J. Pol. Phil. 463 (2003).Google Scholar
57 Bickerton, C. J., European Integration, from Nation-States to Member States 99–106 (2012).Google Scholar
58 Grimm, D., The Democratic Costs of Constitutionalization: The European Case, 21 Eur. L.J. 464 (2015).Google Scholar
59 See Davies, G., Democracy and Legitimacy in the Shadow of Purposive Competence, 21 Eur. L.J. 1 (2015).Google Scholar
60 See Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, arts. 127, 145, and 173, Dec. 13, 2007, 2007 O.J. (C 306) 1.Google Scholar
61 Rose, N., Powers of Freedom. Reframing Political Thought 139–42 (2008).Google Scholar
62 Featherstone, K., The Political Dynamics of the Vincolo Esterno: The Emergence of the EMU and the Challenge to the European Social Model, 9–15 (Queen's Papers on Europeanisation, Working Paper No. 6, 2001).Google Scholar
63 The more rigid character of the new economic governance is the result of the introduction at a supranational level of semi-automatic sanctions in case of violation of macroeconomic indicators and, at national level, of balanced budget rules in national constitutional law, alongside mechanisms of automatic correction in case of deviations from the medium-term budget objective.Google Scholar
64 Dawson, M. & de Witte, F., Constitutional Balance in the EU After the Euro-Crisis, 76 Modern L. Rev. 824-286 (2013).Google Scholar
65 Chalmers, D., The European Redistributive State and a European Law of Struggle, 18 Eur. L.J. 685 (2012).Google Scholar
66 And having regard to the dubious results of these policies in terms of economic growth, employment, and reduction of public and private debt.Google Scholar
67 For a discussion, see also Bickerton, supra note 57, at 182–95.Google Scholar
68 See Communication from the Commission—Establishing a European Pillar of Social Rights, COM (2017) 250 final (Apr. 26, 2017); See Commission Recommendation of 26 April 2017 on the European Pillar of Social Rights, C(2017) 2600 final (Apr. 26, 2017).Google Scholar
69 See Menéndez, supra note 38, at 525–26 and Streeck, W., Small-State Nostalgia? The Currency Union, Germany, and Europe: A Reply to Jürgen Habermas 21 Constellations 219 (2014).Google Scholar
70 For the Machiavellian constitution, see McCormick, J. P., Machiavellian Democracy (2011).Google Scholar
71 Id. at 5–8.Google Scholar
72 Id. at Chapter 2.Google Scholar
73 Id. at 16.Google Scholar
74 Id. at 13.Google Scholar
75 Id. at 15.Google Scholar
76 This is probably the case with the EMU.Google Scholar
77 An example on this point is offered by the need of supranational policies to deal with the refugee crisis and, more broadly, immigration.Google Scholar
78 Mair, P., Political Opposition and the European Union, Gov't and Opposition 6 (2007).Google Scholar
79 Dawson, M. & de Witte, F., From Balance to Conflict: A New Constitution for the EU, 22 Eur. L.J. 214–17 (2016).Google Scholar
80 Id. at 221-23.Google Scholar
81 See Curtin, D., Challenging Executive Dominance in European Democracy 77 Modern L. Rev. 23-32 (2014); M. Goldoni, Politicising EU Lawmaking? The Spitzenkandidaten Experiment as a Cautionary Tale, 22 Eur. L.J. 292–94 (2016); D. Chalmers, Democratic Self-Government in Europe, Domestic Solutions to the EU Legitimacy Crisis (2013) Policy Network, available at <http://www.policy-network.net/publications/4399/Democratic-Self-Government-in-Europe>..>Google Scholar
82 Scharpf, F. W., After the Crash: A Perspective on Multilevel European Democracy, 21 Eur. L.J. 400–04 (2015).Google Scholar