¹ See, e.g., Baxi, Upendra, Human Rights in a Posthuman World (2009).Google Scholar

² Abigail Hutchison, The Whanganui River As a Legal Person, 39 Altern. L. J. 179, 179–82 (2014).Google Scholar

³ Lalit Miglani v. State of Uttarakhand and others, Writ Petition No. 140 of 2015, High Court of Uttarakhand at Nainital (India), MCC 139/2017.Google Scholar

⁴ Rickard Lalander, The Ecuadorian Resource Dilemma: Sumak Kawsay or Development?, 42 Critical Soc. 623 (2016).Google Scholar

⁵ Toni Selkälä & Mikko Rajavuori chapter in this volume, 18 German L.J. (2017).Google Scholar

⁶ See, e.g., Richardson, J., The Changing Meaning of Privacy, Identity, and Contemporary Feminist Philosophy, 21 Mind Mach. 517 (2011) (treating the link between online and offline identity in relation to a move towards a more relational understanding of privacy in general).Google Scholar

⁷ Council Directive 95/46, 1995 O.J. (L 281) 31 (EC) [hereinafter DPD].Google Scholar

⁸ Commission Regulation 2016/679, 2016 O.J. (L 119) 1 (EU) [hereinafter GDPR].Google Scholar

⁹ Case C-131/12, Google Spain v. Agencia Espafiola de Proteccion de Datos (AEPD), (May 13, 2014) http://curia.europa.eu/ [hereinafter Google Spain].Google Scholar

¹⁰ See, e.g., Weber, R. H., The Right to Be Forgotten: More than a Pandora's Box?, 2 JIPITEC 120, 121–22 (2011); Susanna Lindroos-Hovinheimo, Legal Subjectivity and the ‘Right to be Forgotten’: A Rancièrian Analysis of Google, 27 Law & Critique 289 (2016).Google Scholar

¹¹ Donna Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature 210 (1991); N. Kathrene Hayles, How We Became Posthuman, Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (1999); and Rosi Braidotti, The Posthuman (2013).Google Scholar

¹² Donna Haraway, Staying with the Trouble-Making Kin in the Anthropocene 30, 36, 44 (2016); see also, e.g., Chakrabarty, Dipesh, The Climate Of History: Four Theses, 35 NO. 2 Critical Inquiry (2009).Google Scholar

¹³ Id. at 47.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Braidotti, supra note 11, at 7.Google Scholar

¹⁵ C.f., e.g., Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Lively Agency: Life and Law in the Anthropocene, in Animals, Biopolitics, Law (Irus Braverman ed., 2016).Google Scholar

¹⁶ Braidotti, supra note 11, at 7; Haraway, supra note 12, at 47.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Possibly the most well-known example is Donna Haraway's creation of the cyborg as a figure to think resistance in new ways. Haraway, supra note 12, at 149–81.Google Scholar

¹⁸ C.f. Selkälä & Rajavuori, supra note 5.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Hayles, supra note 11, at 29.Google Scholar

²⁰ Id. at 29.Google Scholar

²¹ See, e.g., Jannice Käll, Converging Human and Digital Bodies, Posthumanism, Property, Law 98–108 (2017).Google Scholar

²² Compare with Mika Viljanen chapter in this volume, 18 German L. J., and his conception of the production of cyborg law. In his description of the cyborg, Viljanen points out that this concept has its roots “in our popular imagination, the cyborg typically emerges in apocalyptic dystopias. They are frightening things, evil man-machine hybrids … and [e]nmeshings of flesh and electronics are the best-known imaginaries for cyborg existence.” Such a modular perception of the human is also a strand of posthumanist theory.Google Scholar

²³ Cary Wolfe, What is Posthumanism? xi (2010).Google Scholar

²⁴ Id. Google Scholar

²⁵ An example of such a theory is the history of man pursued by Michel Foucault where he points out that “man is an invention of recent date. And one perhaps nearing its end.” Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archeology of Human Sciences (1966) and Wolfe, supra note 23, at xii.Google Scholar

²⁶ For such readings of Spinoza, see, e.g., Braidotti, supra note 9, at 85–86.Google Scholar

²⁷ Id. at 55–56. See also Haraway, supra note 12, at 150 (making use of Foucault and, in latter works, Félix Guattari who worked closely with Gilles Deleuze); id. at 34.Google Scholar

²⁸ See, e.g., Rick Dolphijn & Iris van der Tuin, New Materialism: Interviews & Cartographies (2011).Google Scholar

²⁹ C.f. Wolfe, supra note 23, at xiii.; Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, supra note 15.Google Scholar

³⁰ Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, supra note 15, at 193.Google Scholar

³¹ C.f. Andreas Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos, Spatial Justice: Body, Lawscape, Atmosphere 3 (2016); Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social, An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory 1 (2005).Google Scholar

³² Gilles Deleuze, Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza 256 (1992).Google Scholar

³³ Haraway, supra note 12, at 150; Braidotti, supra note 11, at 26–27.Google Scholar

³⁴ Haraway, supra note 12, at 11.Google Scholar

³⁶ Id. at 61.Google Scholar

³⁵ Braidotti, supra note 11, at 7.Google Scholar

³⁷ Haraway, supra note 12, at 161–62.Google Scholar

³⁸ Id.Google Scholar

³⁹ Baxi, supra note 1, at 201.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Id. at 199.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Hayles, supra note 11, at 13.Google Scholar

⁴² Id. at 8–12. See also Chon, Margaret, Postmodern Progress: Reconsidering the Copyright and Patent Power, 43 DePaul L. Rev. 97 (1993).Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Lisa Nakamura, Head-hunting on the internet: Identity tourism, avatars and racial passing in textual and graphic chat spaces, in Lisa Nakamura, Cybertypes, Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet 31 (2002); Danah Boyd, White Flight in Networked Publics? How Race and Class Shaped American Teen Engagement with MySpace and Facebook, in Race After the Internet 203 (Lisa Nakamura & Peter Chow-White eds., 2011).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Ella Brians, The “Virtual” Body and the Strange Persistence of the Flesh: Deleuze, Cyberspace and the Posthuman, in Deleuze & the Body, 121 (Laura Guillaume & Joe Hughes eds., 2011).Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Rob Kitchin, Big Data, New Epistemologies and Paradigm Shifts, Big Data & Soc., 1–2 (2014).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Id. at 4.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ This was discussed directly by the Advocate General in the RTBF case, see Opinion of Advocate General Jääskinen in Google Spain, supra note 9.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See, e.g., GDPR, supra note 8, at 4.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Id. at 1.Google Scholar

⁵¹ DPD, supra note 7, at 3. See also GDPR, supra note 8, Article 1 (assuring the free movement of data within the Union). C.f., e.g., Commission to the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Building A European Data Economy, COM/2017/09 final (Jan. 1, 2017).Google Scholar

⁵² DPD, supra note 7, at 3.Google Scholar

⁵³ DPD, supra note 7, Article 2; c.f. DPD, supra note 7, Article 1.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ DPD, supra note 7, Article 12; c.f. GDPR, supra note 8, Article 17.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See Commission, European, Factsheet on the Right to Be Forgotten (2012), available at: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/files/factsheets/factsheet_data_protection_en.pdf. [hereinafter Factsheet].Google Scholar

⁵⁶ European Commission Press Release IP/12/46, Commission Proposes a Comprehensive Reform of Data Protection Rules to Increase Users' Control of their Data and to Cut Costs for Businesses (Jan. 25, 2012) available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-46_en.htm.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Google Spain, supra note 9, at 14.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Id. at 85.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Factsheet, supra note 55.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Google Spain, supra note 9, at 93.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Factsheet, supra note 55.Google Scholar

⁶² C.f. Janice Richardson, Spinoza, Feminism and Privacy: Exploring an Immanent Ethics of Privacy, 22 Fem. Leg. Stud. 225 (addressing this perspective from a Spinozan perspective, which thus is very related to the stream of posthumanist theory pursued here).Google Scholar

⁶³ Compare with Selkälä & Rajavuori, supra note 5. See also Ukri Soirila chapter in this volume, 18 German L.J. (2017).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Margaret Davies & Ngaire Naffine, Are Persons Property? Legal Debates about Property and Personality 125–29 (2001).Google Scholar

⁶⁵ See supra Section B.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism's Stealth Revolution 78 (2015).Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Selkälä & Rajavuori, supra note 5.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Braidotti, supra note 11, at 12.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ C.f. GDPR, supra note 8, at 1.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Id.; Hayles, supra note 11, at 1–24.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Nakamura, supra note 4; Boyd, supra note 42.Google Scholar

⁷² GDPR, supra note 8, at 51.Google Scholar

⁷³ C.f., e.g., Google Spain, supra note 9, at 17.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ See Selkälä and Rajavuori, supra note 5.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ C.f., e.g., Haraway, Donna, The Companion Species Manifesto (2003) (coining the term nature cultures). Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Braidotti, supra note 11, at 190–94.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Id. at 26–27.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ GDPR, supra note 8, at 75.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Id. Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Id. Google Scholar

⁸¹ C.f. Selkälä & Rajavuori, supra note 5.Google Scholar

⁸² Richardson, supra note 60.Google Scholar

⁸³ Selkälä & Rajavuori, supra note 5.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Deleuze, supra note 32, at 255–72.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ See supra Section B.Google Scholar