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³ At http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat/Public/datashop/print-catalogue/EN?catalogue=Eurostat. (Proposal for a Council Directive on the Short-term Residence Permit Issued to Victims of Action to Facilitate Illegal Immigration or Trafficking in Human Beings who Cooperate with the Competent Authorities, European Commission on Refugees and Exiles (2002)), at http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l33187.htm Google Scholar

⁴ Chew, L., Global Trafficking in Women: Some Issues and Strategies, 27 Women's Studies Quarterly 11-18, (1999) (The author provides an overview of trafficking in women and local, national and international strategies to fight against trafficking.) See also, J. Chuang, Redirecting the Debate Over Trafficking in Women: Definitions, Paradigms, and Contexts, 1 Harvard Human Rights Journal 65-107 (1998). (This article asserts that the narrow portrayal of trafficking denies the complexity of the problem by focusing mainly on women and children recruited for the purpose of prostitution. The article provides an overview of the experiences of women who are trafficked or forced into labour/slavery-like practices.)Google Scholar

⁵ Report of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Eur. Consult. Ass., 13^th Sess. Doc. No. 7785 (Apr. 23, 1997). See also, Opinion of the Committee on Migration, Refugees, and Demography, Eur. Consult. Ass. 13^th Sess. Doc. No. 7808 (Apr. 23, 1997).Google Scholar

⁶ Eur. Consult. Ass. Deb. 11^th Sess. (May 19, 2000). See at, http://assembly.coe.int/.Google Scholar

⁷ UN Convention against Trans-national Organized Crime (Palermo, 2000). Compare with, Musacchio V., Schiavitù e tratta di esseri umani: analisi del fenomeno ed esigenza d'una normativa internazionale, in Il diritto di famiglia e delle persone, 2003, fasc. 1 (marzo), pt. 2, pag. 236-259.Google Scholar

⁸ Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women (2002). See also, Human Rights Standard for the Treatment of Trafficked Persons at http://www.inet.co.th/org/gaatw/SolidarityAction/SMR99.htm. (These standards are drawn from international human rights instruments and formally-recognized international legal norms. The Standards protect the rights of trafficked persons by providing them with an effective legal remedy, legal protection, non-discriminatory treatment, and restitution, compensation and recovery.)Google Scholar

⁹ At http://www.iom.int/ see in the press briefing notes. And see, Migration Health Annual Report 2003. (The Migration Health Annual Report documents the global achievements of IOM's Migration Health Department. It provides statistics and describes the assistance delivered to mobile populations, communities and governments concerning migration health matters.)Google Scholar

¹⁰ Caldwell, G., Galster, S. and Steinzor, N., Crime and servitude: an expose of the traffic in women for prostitution from the newly independent States, Global Survival Network And International League For Human Rights (New York 1997). See also, Center for Reproductive Law and Policy (ed.), Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting their Reproductive Lives – East Central Europe (New York, 2000). See also, B. De Ruyver, and W. Van Eeckhoutte (eds.), Multidisciplinary research on the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings from an international and national perspective, European Commission, (University of Ghent, 1998).Google Scholar

¹¹ Vocks, J. and Nijboer, J., The Promised Land: A Study of Trafficking in Women from Central and Eastern Europe to the Netherlands. 8 European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research 379-388, (2000). (This study on trafficking in women from Central and Eastern Europe explores the contextual factors, the characteristics, and the motivation of victims as well as the methods of traffickers. A combination of rational choice theory, strain theory and social control theory are used as the theoretical framework of the research.)Google Scholar

¹² Bertone, A.M., Sexual Trafficking in Women: International Political Economy and the Politics of Sex, 18 Gender Issues 4-22, (2000). (This article explores some of the basic facts about trafficking and spotlights it as a truly global phenomenon with its contemporary origins in the international capitalist market system. It views both supply and demand of the trade.)Google Scholar

¹³ See, Swart, B. and Klip, A. (eds.), International Criminal Law in the Netherlands, Freiburg im Breisgau: Ed. Iuscrim, Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches und Internationales Strafrecht, 1997. See also, Licia Brussa (ed.) Health, migration & sex work: the experience of Tampep, Transnational aids/std Prevention among Migrant Prostitutes in Europe, Tampep: Amsterdam, (Dec. 1999). (Prostitution as such is not an offence. Under the Criminal Code the following offences are punishable by not less than six years’ imprisonment and under aggravating circumstances punishment can go up to 8 or 10 years: taking people across the border to engage in prostitution, or by recruitment or kidnapping; coercing someone to work as a prostitute).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Hughes, D.M., Supplying Women for the Sex Industry: Trafficking from Russian Federation. Compare with, A. Stulhofer et al, (Eds.) Sexualities in Post-communism, (September 12, 2002). (This chapter investigates the conditions in Russia that facilitate the recruitment and trafficking of women and girls.)Google Scholar

¹⁵ STV (ed.) “Reader: Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia Training Seminar on Trafficking in Women, 1-9 April, 2000”, STV, Dutch Foundation Against Trafficking in Women: Driebergen, Netherlands, 2000.Google Scholar

¹⁶ STV (ed.) “Reader: Russia, Belarus and Moldova Training Seminar on Trafficking in Women, 1-8 March 2000” Netherlands, 2000.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Johnson, D., Trafficking of Women into the European Union, New England Journal of International and Comparative Law Annual 5 (1999), at http://www.nesl.edu/intljournal/vol5/johnson.htm. (This article examines the trafficking of women from third party countries into the European Union for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It provides an overview of trafficking in the European Union, responses to the problem by the EU and member states.)Google Scholar

¹⁸ At http://www.iom.int/ see in the press briefing notes. And see, Migration Health Annual Report 2003. Compare with, International Organization for Migration, Trafficking in Women to Italy for Sexual Exploitation. Geneva (2002), at http://www.iom.int/documents/publication/en/mip_Italy_traff_eng.pdf. (This exploratory study describes how women are trafficked to Italy for sexual exploitation. This is the first study to examine specific issues of trafficking Nigerian and Albanian women to Italy. The study is based on interviews with 50 women who were identified as victims of trafficking in women.)Google Scholar

¹⁹ See, L. Chew, supra note 4.Google Scholar

²⁰ Bennett, T., Preventing Trafficking in Women and Children in Asia: Issues and Options. 1 Impact on HIV 9-13 (1999), at http://www.fhi.org/en/aids/impact/iohiv/ioh12/ioh122.html. (As of 8/25/03, this page is no longer available.) (This article discusses issues and options in the prevention of trafficking of women and children in Asia. It examines global prevention strategies, market theories of trafficking and its relation to high prevalence of HIV.)Google Scholar

²¹ See, Galiana, Carmen, Working Paper: Trafficking in Women, European Parliament, Directorate General for Research, (Brussels, March 2000). Compare with, Kari Hakola, (ed.) Migration and Refugee Policy on the Eastern Border of the European Union, University of Jyvaaskylaa, (Finland, 1998). See also, Heinrich Boll Foundation. Conference: Sexwork, Sex Tourism and Trafficking in Woman: a new reality in Eastern Europe? (Prague, 1996); and see, Human Rights Standards for the Treatment of Trafficked Persons, January 1999, proposed by GAATW, STV and International Human Rights Law Group, (Bangkok, 1999); International Organization for Migration (IOM), Special Issue: Perspectives on Trafficking of Migrants, International Migration Quarterly Review, v. 38 n. 3: Special Issue, (Jan. 2000).Google Scholar

²² Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Trafficking in Human Beings: Implications for the OSCE, (Bruxelles 2002). (The book is a result of cooperation between different organizations working against trafficking.)Google Scholar