1 Weiler, J. H. H., The Geology of International Law – Governance, Democracy and Legitimacy, 64 Zeitschrift für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 548 et seq. (2004).Google Scholar

2 T. M. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (1990); Mattias Kumm, The Legitimacy of International Law: A Constitutionalist Framework of Analysis, 15 European Journal of International Law 907 (2004); The Legitimacy of International Organizations (J-M. Coicaud & V. Heiskanen eds., 2001); Jack L. Goldsmith & Erik A. Posner, The Limits of International Law (2005); A. Buchanan, Justice Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law (2004); H. L. Hart, The Concept of Law (1961); T. M. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy and the Legitimacy of Power: International Law in an Age of Power Disequilibrium, 100 American Journal of International Law (AJIL) 88 (2006); Rüdiger Wolfrum, Legitimacy in International Law, in The Law of International Relations, Liber amicorum HANSPETER NEUHOLD, 470 et seq. (A. Reinisch & U. Kriebaum eds., 2007).Google Scholar

3 Franck (note 2), at 91 et seq. (emphasizing the “right process”); Wirth, D. A., Reexamining Decision-Making Processes in International Environmental Law, 79 Iowa Law Review 798 (1994) (pointing out that procedural integrity in itself is an important source of legitimacy for international law).Google Scholar

4 Niklas Luhmann, Legitimation durch Verfahren (1989, 2nd ed.).Google Scholar

5 Bodansky, D., The Legitimacy of International Governance, 93 AJIL 604 (1999).Google Scholar

6 See G. Dahm, J. Delbrück & R. Wolfrum, I/3 Völkerrecht 743 (2002, 2nd ed.).Google Scholar

7 Weiler (note 1), at 557 et seq. Google Scholar

8 See Tomuschat, C., International Law: Ensuring the Survival of Mankind on the Eve of a New Century, 281 General Course in Public International Law, RdC 63 et seq. (1999); Fassbender, B., Der Schutz der Menschenrechte als zentraler Inhalt des völkerrechtlichen Gemeinwohls, 30 Europäische Grundrechte-Zeitschrift 2 et seq. (2003).Google Scholar

9 See Fohr, A. Seibert & Wolfrum, R., Die einzelstaatliche Durchsetzung von Mindeststandards gegenüber transnationalen Unternehmen, 43 Archiv des Völkerrechts 153 (2005).Google Scholar

10 Developments of International Law in Treaty Making (R. Wolfrum & V. Röben eds., 2005).Google Scholar

11 See S/RES/1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001 and S/RES/1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004.Google Scholar

12 The Meeting of States Parties has, in some occasions, developed into such a control mechanism which not only covers budgetary matters but also matters such as a the exercise of functions and the recruitment of staff. This is ignored by those complaining about the increasing power of international bureaucracies.Google Scholar

13 Weiler (note 1), at 550 (referring to further examples). Weiler states “The regulatory regime is often associated with an international bureaucratic apparatus, with international civil servants, and, critically, with mid-level State officials as interlocutors. Regulatory regimes have a far greater “direct” and “indirect” effect on individuals, markets and more directly if not always visible as human rights, come into conflict with national social values.”Google Scholar

14 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (concluded 10 December 1982, entered into force 16 November 1994) 1833 UNTS 3.Google Scholar

15 Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (adopted 28 July 1994, entered into force provisionally 16 November 1994 and definitively 28 July 1996) UNGA RES. 48/263 (28 July 1994) UN Doc A/RES.48/263, 1836 UNTS 3.Google Scholar

16 The “Area” is the deep seabed and ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.Google Scholar

17 See Art. 305 of the Convention.Google Scholar

18 The four different voting procedures include a vote by show of hands or a roll-call in the absence of voting by mechanical means and a non-recorded vote or a recorded vote in the case of voting by mechanical means. See Rule 60 in the Part X of the Rules of Procedure of the Council of the International Seabed Authority.Google Scholar

19 Implementation Agreement, Annex, Sec. 3.Google Scholar

20 Article 157 of the Convention, emphasis added.Google Scholar

21 Art. 17 of Annex III to the Convention.Google Scholar

22 Art. 145(a) of the Convention.Google Scholar

23 Art. 145(b) of the Convention.Google Scholar

24 Art. 146 of the Convention.Google Scholar

25 ISPA/6/A/18, Annex: Selected decisions 6, 31; Basic texts 226–270. These regulations are sometimes referred to as the Mining Code, although they are only part of that Code because they deal only with one of the mineral resources of the deep seabed and do not deal with exploitation. For an evaluation of these regulations, see Lodge, M. W., The International Seabed Authority's Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area, 20 Journal of Energy and Natural Resources Law 270 et seq. (2002); Wolfrum, R., Rechtsstatus und Nutzung des Tiefseebodens des Gebiets, in Handbuch des Seerechts, 333 (Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum ed., 2006); See also Michael C. Wood, The International Seabed Authority: Fifth to Twelfth Session (1999-2006), 11 Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 47 et seq., 85 et seq. (2007).Google Scholar

26 Art. 18 Annex III, Convention on the Law of the Sea.Google Scholar

27 Art. 18(3), Annex III, Convention on the Law of the Sea stipulates that sanctions may, as a matter of principle, be executed only after the operator in question had the opportunity to exhaust the legal remedies available.Google Scholar

28 On details, see Section 2 of the Annex to the Implementation Agreement.Google Scholar

29 See Implications of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the International Maritime Organization, IMO Doc. LEG/MISC/3/Rev.1 (6 January 2003).Google Scholar

30 The procedures are set forth in Part XV of the Convention on the Law of the Sea.Google Scholar

31 See Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas, IMO Assembly Resolution A. 982(24), IMO Assembly 24th Session, adopted on 1 December 2005.Google Scholar

32 See J. P. Roberts, T. Workman, B. M. Tsamenyi & L. Johnson, The Western European PSSA proposal: a “politically sensitive sea area,” 29 marine Policy 431 (2005).Google Scholar

33 See Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSA), (IMO ed., 2007 edition).Google Scholar

34 For example, Australia's attempts to induce the IMO to prescribe mandatory pilotage in the Torres Strait, a measure which may not have a basis in the Convention. In detail: R. C. Beckman, PSSAs and Transit passage – Australia's Pilotage System in the Torres Strait Challenges the IMO and UNCLOS, 38 Ocean Development and International LAw 325 et seq. (2007).Google Scholar

35 Available at: http://www.nafo.int/fisheries/fishery/iuu/list.html.Google Scholar

36 Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing.Google Scholar

37 See Art. 53 of the Conservation and Enforcement Measures.Google Scholar

38 See Feinäugle, in this volume.Google Scholar