1 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union art. 2, Oct. 26, 2012, 2012 O.J. (C326) 17 [hereinafter Consolidated TEU].Google Scholar

2 See generally Mark Dawson & Elise Muir, Enforcing Fundamental Values: EU Law and Governance in Hungary and Romania, 4 Maastricht J. of Eur. & Comp. L. 469 (2012); István Pogány, The Crisis of Democracy in East Central Europe: The ‘New Constitutionalism’ in Hungary, 19 Eur. Pub. L. 341 (2013).Google Scholar

3 See generally Mark Dawson & Elise Muir, Individual, Institutional and Collective Vigilance in Protecting Fundamental Rights in the EU: Lessons from the Roma, 48 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 751 (2011); Roos Buijs & Morag Goodwin, Making Good European Citizens of the Roma: A Closer Look at the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies, 14 German L.J. 2041 (2013).Google Scholar

4 See Gráinne de Búrca, The Evolution of EU Human Rights Law, in The Evolution of EU Law 465 (Paul Craig & Gráinne de Búrca eds., 2011).Google Scholar

5 See Consolidated TEU, supra note 1, at art. 7.Google Scholar

6 See generally Editorial, Hungary's New Constitutional Order and “European Unity,” 49 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 871 (2012).Google Scholar

7 See generally Memorandum from the Human Rights Watch to the European Union on Media Freedom in Hungary, Human Rights Watch (Feb. 16, 2012) [hereinafter Memo from the HRW], available at http://www.hrw.org/node/105200.Google Scholar

8 See generally Letter from Lotte Leicht & Hugh Williamson, Director of EU Advocacy and Director of Europe and Central Asia Division, Human Rights Watch, to Commissioner Kroes Regarding Media Freedom in Hungary (July 2, 2012), available at http://www.hrw.org/node/108503.Google Scholar

9 See generally Loi sur les Médias: La Hongrie Cède à la Pression Européenne, Le Monde (Feb. 16, 2011), http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/02/16/loi-sur-les-medias-la-hongrie-cede-a-la-pression-europeenne_1481169_3214.html.Google Scholar

10 See generally Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, Summary of the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Hungary on the Media Laws in 2011 by the Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (2013), available at http://tasz.hu/files/tasz/imce/2011/hclu_const_court_media_law_dec_brief.pdf. The Human Rights Watch also reports that there are efforts in Hungary to bring the case further to the ECHR, see Memo from the HRW, supra note 7.Google Scholar

11 A Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmánya [Constitution of the Republic of Hungary], available at http://tasz.hu/files/tasz/imce/alternative_translation_of_the_draft_constituion.pdf.Google Scholar

12 See Opinion of the European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) on the Three Legal Questions Arising in the Process of Drafting the New Constitution of Hungary, paras. 14–19, CDL-AD (2011) 016 (Mar. 25–26, 2011), available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/libe/dv/venice_commission_opinion_614-11/venice_commission_opinion_614-11en.pdf.Google Scholar

13 Press Release, European Commission, Statement of the European Commission on the Situation in Hungary on 11 January 2012 (Jan. 11, 2012) [hereinafter European Commission Statement], available at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/12/9&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en. See generally Opinion of the European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) on the New Constitution of Hungary, CDL-AD (2011) 016 (June 17–18, 2011), available at http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/CDL-AD%282011%29016-E.aspx (illustrating the reaction of other institutions); Resolution on the Revised Hungarian Constitution, Eur. Parl. Doc. P7_TA 0315 (2011), available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+TA+P7-TA-2011-0315+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN.Google Scholar

14 Several of them are available in an English version at: http://www.venice.coe.int/WebForms/pages/default.aspx?p=01_main_reference_documents&lang=en.Google Scholar

15 An overview of all opinions on the situation in Hungary is available at: http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?country=17&year=all.Google Scholar

16 See generally Opinion of the European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) on Act CLXII of 2011 on the Legal Status and Remuneration of Judges and Act CLXI of 2011 on the Organization and Administration of Courts of Hungary, CDL-AD (2012) 001 (Mar. 16–17, 2012) [hereinafter Opinion on Acts CLXII and CLXI], available at http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/CDL-AD(2012)001-e.aspx; Opinion of the European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) on Act CLI of 2011 on the Constitutional Court of Hungary, CDL-AD (2012) 009 (Jun. 15–16, 2012), available at http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2012)009-e.Google Scholar

17 See generally Editorial, Fundamental Rights and EU Membership: Do As I Say, Not As I Do!, 49 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 481 (2012) [hereinafter Editorial on Fundamental Rights].Google Scholar

18 Letter from Neelie Kroes, Vice-President of the European Commission, to Tibor Navracsics, Deputy Prime Minister of Hungary (Jan. 1, 2011), http://cmcs.ceu.hu/sites/default/files/domain-69/cmcs-archive/EC_lettertoHungary_2011Jan21.pdf [hereinafter 2011 Letter]; Letter from Neelie Kroes, Vice-President of the European Commission, to Tibor Navracsics, Deputy Prime Minister of Hungary (Jan. 17, 2012), http://blogs.r.ftdata.co.uk/brusselsblog/files/2012/01/KroesHungaryLettter1.pdf. The conclusions of the High Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism in Hungary are attached to the letter dated January 17, 2012.Google Scholar

19 See European Commission Statement, supra note 13.Google Scholar

20 Press Release, European Commission, European Commission Opens Accelerated Infringement Proceedings Against Hungary (Jan. 17, 2012), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/12/17.Google Scholar

21 Recommendation for a Council Decision Establishing That No Effective Action Has Been Taken by Hungary in Response to the Council Recommendation of 7 July 2009, COM (2012) 5 final (Jan. 11, 2012), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0005:FIN:EN:PDF. For an overview of the economic monitoring of the situation in Hungary see 2004-2013 Hungary-Specific Procedures, European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/deficit/countries/hungary_en.htm.Google Scholar

22 See Council Decision 2012/139, 2012 O.J. (L 66) 6, Establishing Whether Effective Action Has Been Taken by Hungary in Response to the Council Recommendation of 7 July 2009, available at http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/pdf/30_edps/104-08_council/2012-01-24_hu_126-8_council_en.pdf.Google Scholar

23 See generally Council of the European Union, Recommendation to Hungary with a View to Bringing the Situation of an Excessive Government Deficit to an End, 7141/12 (Mar. 12, 2012), available at http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/pdf/30_edps/126-07_council/2012-03-13_hu_126-7_council_en.pdf. See also Council Implementing Decision 2012/156, 2012 O.J. (L 78) 19, Suspending Commitments from the Cohesion Fund for Hungary with Effect from 1 January 2013, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:078:0019:0020:EN:PDF; Council Implementing Decision 2012/323, Lifting the Suspension of Commitments from the Cohesion Fund for Hungary, 2012 O.J. (L 165) 46, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:165:0046:0047:EN:PDF.Google Scholar

24 See Consolidated TEU, supra note 1, at art. 7.Google Scholar

25 See generally Editorial on Fundamental Rights, supra note 17.Google Scholar

26 See generally Nikolaj Nielsen, Kroes Threatens Nuclear Option Against Hungary, EU Observer (Feb. 9, 2012), http://euobserver.com/9/115209 (expanding upon Art. 7 of the TEU as proposed by the Commission—the discussion relates to media law).Google Scholar

27 Consolidated TEU, supra note 1, at art. 7, § 2.Google Scholar

28 See generally Case C-438/05, Int'l Transp. Workers’ Fed'n v. Viking Line ABP, 2007 E.C.R. I-10779 (illustrating the tension between the freedom of establishment and the movement of services on the one hand, and the fundamental right to strike on the other), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62005J0438:EN:HTML; Case C-341/05, Laval un Partneri Ltd. v. Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundet, 2007 E.C.R. I-11767 (same), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62005J0341:EN:HTML; Norbert Reich, Free Movement v. Social Rights in an Enlarged Union: The Laval and Viking Cases Before the European Court of Justice, 9 German L.J. 125 (2008); John Morijn, Balancing Fundamental Rights and Common Market Freedoms in Union Law: Schmidberger and Omega in the Light of the European Constitution, 12 Eur. L. J. 15 (2006). See also Gareth Davies, The Price of Letting Courts Value Solidarity: The Judicial Role in Liberalizing Welfare, in Promoting Solidarity in the European Union 106 (Malcolm Ross & Yuri Borgmann-Prebil eds., 2010).Google Scholar

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30 Case C-341/05, Laval un Partneri, 2007 E.C.R. I-11767; Case C-438/05, Viking Line, 2007 E.C.R. I-10779; Case C-346/06, Rüffert v. Land Niedersachsen, 2008 E.C.R. I-01989, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62006J0346:EN:HTML; Case C-319/06, Comm'n of the European Cmtys. v. Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, 2008 E.C.R. I-04323, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62006CJ0319:EN:HTML.Google Scholar

31 For critical accounts, see generally Christian Joerges & Florian Rödl, Informal Politics, Formalized Law and the ‘Social Deficit’ of European Integration: Reflections After the Judgments of the ECJ in Viking and Laval, 15 Eur. L. J. 1 (2009); Anne C. L. Davies, One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? The Viking and Laval Cases in the ECJ, 37 Indus. L. J. 126 (2008).Google Scholar

32 See generally Muir, Elise, Of Ages in – and Edges of – EU Law, 48 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 39 (2011); Catherine Barnard & Okeoghene Odudu, The Outer Limits Of EU Law (2009). See also Opinion of Advocate General Poiares Maduro: Case C-380/05, Centro-Europa 7 Srl v. Ministero delle Comunicazioni e Autorità per le Garanzie nelle Comunicazioni, 2008 E.C.R. I-349, paras. 14–20, available at http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=62786&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=2328137.Google Scholar

33 For an expansion on this theme, see generally Mark Dawson, Elise Muir & Monica Claes, Enforcing the EU's Rights Revolution: The Case of Equality, 3 Eur. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 276 (2012).Google Scholar

34 See, e.g., Sionaidh Douglas-Scott, The European Union and Human Rights after the Treaty of Lisbon, 11 Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 645 (2011).Google Scholar

35 On the scope of the application of the Charter, see Joined Cases C-411/10 & C-493/10, N. S. v. Sec'y of State for the Home Dep't and M. E. v. Refugee Applications Comm'r, paras. 64–69.Google Scholar

36 This methodology has been confirmed in case law following the Lisbon Treaty's formal incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. See, e.g., Case C-145/09, Land Baden-Württemberg v. Tsakouridis, 2010 E.C.R. I-12013.Google Scholar

37 Case C-34/09, Zambrano v. Office National de L'emploi, 2011 E.C.R. I-01177.Google Scholar

38 Note also the much more cautious approaches of the Court in subsequent cases. See generally Case C-434/09, McCarthy v. Sec'y of State for the Home Dep't, 2011 E.C.R. I-03375; Case C-256/11, Dereci v. Bundesministerium für Inneres (2013), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62011CJ0256:EN:HTML; Case C-40/11, Iida v. Stadt Ulm (2013), available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62011CJ0040:EN:HTML. These cases suggest that the Zambrano formula is only relevant to protect EU citizens against forced removal from the EU. See generally Anne Pieter van der Mei, Stefaan C. G. van den Bogaert & Gerard-René de Groot, De Arresten Ruiz Zambrano en McCarthy: Het Hof van Justitie en Het Effectieve Genot van EU-Burgerschapsrechten, 6 Dutch J. Of Eur. L. 17 (2011); Chiara Raucea, Fundamental Rights: The Missing Pieces of European Citizenship?, 14 German L.J. 2021 (2013).Google Scholar

39 See Opinion of Advocate General Sharpston, Case C-34/09, Zambrano, 2011 E.C.R. I-01177.Google Scholar

40 See supra note 16 and accompanying text.Google Scholar

41 2011 Letter, supra note 18.Google Scholar

42 Id. Google Scholar

43 Somek, Alexander, The Argument from Transnational Effects I: Representing Outsiders through Freedom of Movement, 16 Eur. L. J. 315, 1 (2010).Google Scholar

44 See generally Armin von Bogdandy & Stephan Schill, Overcoming Absolute Primacy: Respect for National Identity Under the Lisbon Treaty, 48 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 1417 (2011).Google Scholar

45 Press Release, European Commission, European Commission Launches Accelerated Infringement Proceedings Against Hungary Over the Independence of its Central Bank and Data Protection Authorities as Well as Over Measures Affecting the Judiciary (Jan. 17, 2012) [hereinafter Press Release on Accelerated Infringement Proceedings], available at http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/12/24.Google Scholar

46 The EDP now also looks likely to be withdrawn due to action taken by the Hungarian government. See Assessment of Action Taken by Hungary in Response to the Council Recommendation of 13 March 2012 with a View to Bringing an End to the Situation of Excessive Government Deficit, COM (2012) 276 final (May 30, 2012).Google Scholar

47 See Council of the European Union, Recommendation to Hungary with a View to Bringing the Situation of an Excessive Government Deficit to an End, 7141/12 (Mar. 12, 2012). See also Council Implementing Decision 2012/156, Suspending Commitments from the Cohesion Fund for Hungary with Effect from 1 January 2013, 2012 O.J. (L 78) 19; Council Implementing Decision 2012/323, Lifting the Suspension of Commitments from the Cohesion Fund for Hungary, 2012 O.J. (L 165) 46.Google Scholar

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49 This point is also noticeable in respect to the existing infringement actions against the Hungarian government. The action in respect to the retirement of judges is not, for example, based on the Charter or any norm regarding the independence of the judiciary, but on age discrimination and potential violations of Council Directive 2000/78, 2000 O.J. (L 303) 16 (EC).Google Scholar

50 See generally Bogdandy, Armin von et al., Reverse Solange—Protecting the Essence of Fundamental Rights Against EU Member States, 49 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 489 (2012).Google Scholar

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53 See Kelemen, R. Daniel, Eurolegalism and Democracy, 50 J. of Common Mkt Stud. 55, 66 (Mar. 2012). See generally R. Daniel Kelemen, Eurolegalism (2011).Google Scholar

54 See generally Muir, Elise, Fundamental Rights as an Ambiguous EU Competence (Working Paper) (on file with the author).Google Scholar

55 See generally the free movement rights contained in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, art. 45, 2000 O.J. (C 364) 1, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf.Google Scholar

56 See generally Press Release, European Commission, European Commission Assesses Recent Development in France, Discusses Overall Situation of the Roma and EU Law on Free Movement of EU Citizens (Sept. 29, 2010), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-10-1207_en.htm; Press Release, European Commission, Statement by Viviane Reding, Vice-President of the European Commission, EU Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, on the Recent Developments Concerning the Respect for EU Law as Regards the Situation of Roma in France (Oct. 19, 2010), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-10-502_en.htm.Google Scholar

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59 Broader concerns relate to the independence of the judiciary.Google Scholar

60 The relationship between the EU data protection regime and internal market law is explained below.Google Scholar

61 On the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, see Directive 95/46, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, 1995 O.J. (L 281) 31 (EC).Google Scholar

62 See Snyder, Francis, EMU—Integration and Differentiation: Metaphor for European Union, in The Evolution of EU Law 687 (Paul Craig & Gráinne de Búrca eds., 2011).Google Scholar

63 See generally Press Release, European Commission, Hungary—Infringements: European Commission Satisfied with Changes to Central Bank Statute, but Refers Hungary to the Court of Justice on the Independence of the Data Protection Authority and Measures Affecting the Judiciary (Apr. 25, 2012), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-395_en.htm.Google Scholar

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65 See generally Directive 95/46, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, 1995 O.J. (L 281) 31 (EC).Google Scholar

66 See Witte, Bruno de, Non-Market Values in Internal Market Legislation, in Regulating the Internal Market 75 (Niamh Nic Schuibhne ed., 2006).Google Scholar

67 See Directive 95/46, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, 1995 O.J. (L 281) 31, art. 1(1) (EC). We are grateful to Vasiliki Kosta for bringing this to our attention at the Public Law Workshop of the 2012 Annual Ius Commune Conference held in Amsterdam on Nov. 28–29, 2012.Google Scholar

68 Although the wording of Art. 16(2) of the TFEU actually restricts legislative powers to the protection of personal data that falls within the scope of EU law and relates to the free movement of such data. Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union art. 16(2), Sep. 5, 2008, 2008 O.J. (C 83) 55 [hereinafter TFEU].Google Scholar

69 See, for example, the concerns voiced by the Venice Commission on the powers of the president of the National Adjudication Office. Opinion of the European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) on Act CLXII of 2011 on the Legal Status and Remuneration of Judges and Act CLXI of 2011 on the Organization and Administration of Courts of Hungary, CDL-AD (2012) 001 (Mar. 16–17, 2012) [hereinafter Opinion on Acts CLXII and CLXI], available at http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/CDL-AD(2012)001-e.aspxGoogle Scholar

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71 See Bodgandy, Armin von, The European Union as a Human Rights Organization? Human Rights and the Core of European Union Law, 37 Common Mkt. L. Rev. 1307, 1334 (2000).Google Scholar

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73 Hungary has indeed been found in violation of EU anti-age discrimination law. See generally Case C-286/12, European Commission v. Hungary, 2013 E.C.R. I-nyr, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62012CJ0286:EN:HTML. The infringement action based on the independence of the data protection authority is Case C-288/12, European Commission v. Hungary, 2013 E.C.R. I-nyr, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2012:227:0015:0016:EN:PDF. See also the decision of the Hungarian Constitutional Court declaring that the reform of the retirement age of judges is unconstitutional. Kim Lane Scheppelle, How to Evade the Constitution: The Hungarian Constitutional Court's Decision on Judicial Retirement Age, Vergassungsblog, Aug. 9, 2012, http://www.verfassungsblog.de/de/how-to-evade-the-constitution-the-hungarian-constitutional-courts-decision-on-judicial-retirement-age-parti/#.UhwoThZrqFY.Google Scholar

74 See generally Press Release, European Commission, Supreme Court Judges Meet to Discuss Independence of Hungarian Judiciary (June 27, 2012), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/midday-express-27-06-2012.htm. The Commission also announced that it would convene a meeting with the Network of the Presidents of the Supreme Judicial Courts of the EU to discuss ongoing concerns about the independence of the judiciary in Hungary more generally. See Press Release, European Commission, Hungary–infringements (Apr. 25, 2012), available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-395_en.htm.Google Scholar

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77 See generally Assessment of Action Taken by Hungary in Response to the Council Recommendation of 13 March 2012 with a View to Bringing an End to the Situation of Excessive Government Deficit, COM (2012) 276 final (May 30, 2012), available at http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/economic_governance/sgp/pdf/30_edps/communication_to_the_council/2012-05-30_hu_communication_en.pdf.Google Scholar

78 See generally Seitz, Franz & Jost, Thomas, The Role of the IMF in the European Debt Crisis (Univ. of Applied Scis. Amberg-Weiden (HAW), Working Paper No. 32, 2012), available at https://www.econstor.eu/dspace/bitstream/10419/56452/1/689266685.pdf.Google Scholar

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83 See, for example, the failure to enforce EDP's against France and Germany in 2003.Google Scholar

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