Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T03:17:43.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Global (Non-)Law: The Perspective of Evolutionary Jurisprudence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Marc Amstutz

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Globalization and the rules it generates confront legal scholarship with a number of intricate issues. One of these lies at the core of a hypothesis which has been debated for some time in the literature. According to this hypothesis, the legal vacuum left by nation states in the institutional organization of cross-border commerce has been filled by a variety of private governance mechanisms, with the result that regulatory responsibility has been taken over by private or hybrid actors. Testing this proposition requires analytical tools capable of discriminating between private ordering and public law-making. The private, or hybrid, governance regimes that would seem to be the hallmark of what is slowly emerging as global law are a Byzantine mixture of legal and social norms. Because of this, the foremost problem to be solved is that of deciding where to draw the line between legal and non-legal norms. Only if there are unequivocal criteria for distinguishing between law and non-law does it become possible to comprehend how hybrid regimes arise and evolve within the globalization process and, thus, to determine whether private actors have in fact assumed regulatory responsibility.

Type
Research Article
Information
German Law Journal , Volume 9 , Issue 4: Special Issue - ‘Law, the State and Evolutionary Theory’ , 01 April 2008 , pp. 465 - 476
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 by German Law Journal GbR 

References

1 For an overview, see Berman, Paul-Schiff, Global Legal Pluralism, 80 Southern California Review 1155 (2007); Id., International Law to Law and Globalization, 43 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 485 (2005); Id., The Globalization of Jurisdiction, 151 University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 311 (2002); Amstutz, Marc/Karavas, Vaios, Rechtsmutation: Zu Genese und Evolution des Rechts im transnationalen Raum, 8 Rechtsgeschichte 14 (2006); Hanschmann, Felix, Theorie transnationaler Rechtsprozesse, in Neue Theorien des Rechts, 347-369 (S. Buckel et al. eds., 2006); Kennedy, Duncan, Three Globalizations of Law and Legal Thought, in: The New Law and Economic Development: A Critical Appraisal, 19 (D. Trubek et al. eds., 2006); Brunkhorst, Hauke, Demokratie in der globalen Rechtsgenossenschaft: Einige Überlegungen zur postsstaatlichen Verfassung der Weltgesellschaft, in: Weltgesellschaft: Theoretische Zugänge und empirische Problemlagen, 330 (B. Heintz et al., 2005); Vesting, Thomas, Die Staatslehre und die Veränderung ihres Gegenstandes: Konsequenzen von Europäisierung und Internationalisierung, 63 Veröffentlichungen der Vereinigung der Deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer 41 (2004); Buckel, Sonja, Empire oder Rechtspluralismus? Recht im Globalisierungsdiskurs, 36 Kritische Justiz 177 (2003); Ladeur, Karl-Heinz, Globalisation and the Conversion of Democracy to Polycentric Networks: Can Democracy Survive the End of the Nation-State?, EUI Working Paper LAW No. 2003/4; Teubner, Gunther, Globale Zivilverfassungen: Alternativen zur staatszentrierten Verfassungstheorie, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches, 63 Recht und Völkerrecht 1 (2003); Id., Privatregimes: Neo-Spontanes Recht und duale Sozialverfassungen in der Weltgesellschaft, in Zur Autonomie des Individuums: Liber Amicorum Spiros Simitis, 437 (D. Simon et al. eds., 2000); Id., Des Königs viele Leiber: Die Selbstdekonstruktion der Hierarchie des Rechts,2 Soziale Systeme 229 (1996); Id. (ed.), Global Law Without A State (1996); Id., Globale Bukowina: Zur Emergenz eines transnationalen Rechtspluralismus, 15 Rechtshistorisches Journal 255 (1996); Calliess, Gralf-Peter, Reflexive Transnational Law: The Privatisation of Civil Law and the Civilisation of Private Law, 23 Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 185 (2002); Günther, Klaus/Randeira, Shalini, Recht, Kultur und Gesellschaft im Prozess der Globalisierung (2001); Möllers, Christoph, Globalisierte Jurisprudenz: Einflüsse relativierter Nationalstaatlichkeit auf das Konzept des Rechts und die Funktion seiner Theorie, in: Globalisierung als Problem von Gerechtigkeit und Steuerungsfähigkeit des Rechts, 41 (M. Anderheiden et al. eds., 2001); Zumbansen, Peer, Spiegelungen von Staat und Gesellschaft: Governance-Erfahrungen in der Globalisierungsdebatte, in: Globalisierung als Problem von Gerechtigkeit und Steuerungsfähigkeit des Rechts, 13 (M. Anderheiden et al. eds., 2001); Röhl, Klaus/Magen, Stefan, Die Rolle des Rechts im Prozess der Globalisierung, 17 Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 1 (1996); Boaventura De Sousa Santos, Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition (1995).Google Scholar

2 See Gralf-Peter Calliess, Grenzüberschreitende Verbraucherverträge: Rechtssicherheit und Gerechtigkeit auf dem elektronischen Weltmarktplatz (2006); Claire Cutler, Private Power and Global Authority: Transnational Merchant Law in the Global Political Economy (2003); Zumbansen, Peer, Lex mercatoria: Zum Geltungsanspruch transnationalen Rechts, 67 Rabels Zeitschrift 637 (2003); Teubner, Gunther, Die unmögliche Wirklichkeit der Lex Mercatoria: Eine systemtheoretische Kritik der théorie ludique du droit, in: Festschrift für Wolfgang Zöllner, 565 (M. Lieb et al. eds., 1998); Yves Dezalay/Bryant G. Garth, Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order (1996).Google Scholar

3 For an overview of the literature on private ordering, see Aviram, Amitai, The Paradox of Spontaneous Formation of Private Legal Systems, 22 Yale Law & Policy Review 1 (2004); Id., A Network-Effect Analysis of Private Ordering, Berkeley Programm of Law & Economics Working Papers No. 2003/80; Bernstein, Lisa, Private Commercial Law in the Cotton Industry: Creating Cooperation Through Rules, Norms, and Institutions, 99 Michigan Law Review 1724 (2001); Id., Merchant Law in a Merchant Court: Rethinking the Code's Search for Immanent Business Norms, 144 U. Pennsylvania Law Review 1765 (1996); Id., Social Norms and Default Rules Analysis, 3 Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 59 (1993); Id., Opting Out of the Legal System: Extralegal Contractual Relations in the Diamond Industry, 21 Journal of Legal Studies 115 (1992); Robert Cooter, Law from Order: Economic Development and the Jurisprudence of Social Norms, John M. Olin Working Papers in law, Economics and Institutions 1996/97-4; Id., Decentralised Law for a Complex Economy: The Structural Approach for Adjudicating the New Law Merchant, 144 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1643 (1996); Ellickson, Robert C., Order Without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes (1991).Google Scholar

4 For this distinction, see Cooter, Robert, Three Effects of Social Norms on Law: Expression, Deterrence, Internatilization, 79 Oregon Law Review 1 (2000); Id., Symbols, Signals, and Social Norms in Politics and the Law, 27 Journal of Legal Studies 765 (1998); Id., The Regulation of Groups: The Influence of Legal and Nonlegal Sanctions on Collective Action, 63 University of Chicago Law Review 133 (1996); Ronald Coase, The Problem of Social Cost, 3 Journal of law and Economics 1 (1960).Google Scholar

5 For an overview, see John L. Campbell, Institutional Change and Globalization (2004).Google Scholar

6 For an overview, see Knight, Jack/Ensminger, Jean, Conflict Over Changing Social Norms: Bargaining, Ideology, and Enforcement, in: The New Institutionalism in Sociology, 105 (M. C. Brinton et al. eds., 2001); Suchman, Marc B./Edelman, Lawren B., Review: Legal Rational Myths: The New Institutionalism and the Law and Society Tradition, 21 Law & Social Inquiry 903 (1996).Google Scholar

7 See in general Weingast, Barry, Rational Choice Institutionalism, in: Political Science: The State of the Discipline, 660 (I. Katznelson et al. eds., 2002); Oliver Williamson, The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead, 38 Journal of Economic Literature 595 (2000); Douglass North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, Cambridge (1999); Id., Institutions and Their Consequences for Economic Performance, in: The Limits of Rationality, 383 (K. Cook et al. eds., 1990).Google Scholar

8 Campbell, supra note 5, 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Friedrich A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Vol. 1: Rules and Order (1973).Google Scholar

10 Niklas Luhmann, Law as a Social System, 142 (2004).Google Scholar

11 Per Bak, How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality (1996).Google Scholar

12 Id., 31.Google Scholar

13 Hayek, Friedrich A, Notes on the Evolution of Systems of Rules of Conduct, in: Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, 67 (F.A. Hayek, ed., 1967). For further development of this argument, see Karl-Heinz Ladeur, Negative Freiheitsrechte und gesellschaftliche Selbstorganisation, 77 (2000).Google Scholar

14 Hayek, , Id., 68.Google Scholar

15 Hayek, , Id., 71.Google Scholar

16 Marc Amstutz, Evolutorisches Wirtschaftsrecht: Vorstudien über das Recht und seine Methode in den Diskurskollisionen der Marktgesellschaft, 247 (2001).Google Scholar

17 Id., 249.Google Scholar

18 For an overview, see, Hanschmann, , supra note 1, 352.Google Scholar

19 Calliess, Gralf-Peter/Renner, Moritz, From Soft Law to Hard Code: The Juridification of Global Governance, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1030526.Google Scholar

20 Luhmann, , supra note 10, 93.Google Scholar

21 Id., 70.Google Scholar

22 Calliess, /Renner, , supra note 19.Google Scholar

24 Gould, Stephen J./Lewontin, Richard C., The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (Series B) 205 (1979), 584.Google Scholar

25 See, e.g., Stephen Jay Gould, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, 1208 (2002),Google Scholar

26 Stuart A. Kauffman, At Home in the Universe: The Search for Laws of Self-Organisation and Complexity, 95 (1995).Google Scholar

27 Id., 77.Google Scholar

28 Id., 79.Google Scholar

29 See, Stuart A. Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organisation and Selection in Evolution, 192 (1993). See further, Amstutz, Marc, Rechtsgeschichte als Evolutionstheorie: Anmerkungen zum Theorierahmen von Marie Theres Fögens Forschungsprogramm, 1 Rechtsgeschichte 26 (2002); Feltz, Bernard, Auto-organisation, selection et émergence dans les théories de l'évolution, in: Auto-organisation et emergence dans les sciences de la vie, 475 (B. Feltz et al. éd., 1999).Google Scholar

30 See, e.g., Schank, Jeffrey C./Wimsatt, William C., Evolvability: Adaptation and Modularity, in: Thinking about Evolution: Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives, 323 (R. S. Singh et al. eds., 2001).Google Scholar

31 See, among many, supra note 25, 1210.Google Scholar

32 See, supra, note 29, 218.Google Scholar

33 See, Elliot Sober, The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus, 215 (1984).Google Scholar

34 Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire, 28 (1986).Google Scholar

35 See, Amstutz, Marc, Widerstreitende Götter: Zu Manfred Aschkes Rekonstruktion der systemsoziologischen Evolutionstheorie und ihrer rechtstheoretischen Bedeutung, 2 Rechtsgeschichte 14 (2003).Google Scholar

36 See, H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law, 79, (2nd ed., 2007). See further, Gunther Teubner, Societal Constitutionalism: Alternatives to State-Centred Constitutional Theory?, in: Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism, 3 (C. Joerges et. al. eds., 2004).Google Scholar

37 See, Fögen, Marie Theres, Rechtsverweigerungsverbot: Anmerkung zu einer Selbstverständlichkeit, in: Urteilen/Entscheiden, 37 (C. Vismann & T. Weitin eds., 2006).Google Scholar

38 For the significance of the medium of writing for the evolution of the legal system, see, supra note 10, 234. For the implications of new digital media on law see Karavas, Vagias, Law ⊆ Code: Some Preliminary Thoughts on Law's Transformation under Information-Technological Conditions, in: Law after Luhmann: Critical Reflections on Niklas Luhmann's Contribution to Legal Doctrine and Theory (P. Zumbansen et al. eds., forthcoming); Id., Digitale Grundrechte: Elemente einer Verfassung des Informationsflusses im Internet (2007); Thomas Vesting, Rechtstheorie, 71, 144 (2007); Vismann, Cornelia/Krajewski, Markus, Computer Juridisms, 29 Grey Room 90 (2007); Ethan M. Katsh, Law in a Digital World (1996); Id., The Electronic Media and the Transformation of Law (1987).Google Scholar

39 Amstutz, Marc, Die Sprachlosigkeit des Gesetzes: Plädoyer für eine gesellschaftliche Rechtsmethodik, in: Marie Theres Fögen Sexagenaria 10. Oktober 2006, 47 (Zürich et al. eds., 2007); Id., Der Text des Gesetzes. Genealogie und Evolution von Art. 1 ZGB, 126 Zeitschrift für Schweizerisches 237 (2007).Google Scholar

40 Dürr, David, Art. 1 ZGB, in: Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuch, Einleitung, 1. Teilbd.: Art. 1-7 ZGB, N 241 (P. Gauch et al. eds., 1998); Meier-Hayoz, Arthur, Art. 1 ZGB, in: Berner Kommentar: Kommentar zum Schweizerischen Zivilrecht, Bd. I: Einleitung und Personenrecht, Teilbd. 1: Einleitung: Art. 1-10 ZGB, N 78 (H. Becker ed., 1962).Google Scholar

41 See, especially Derrida, Jacques, Signature événement contexte, in: Marges – de la philosophie, 1 (Derrida, J., 1972); Id., Sémiologie et grammatologie: Entretien avec Julia Kristeva, in: Positions, 25 (Derrida, J., 1972); Id., De la grammatologie (1967).Google Scholar