¹ Benedict Kingsbury, Nico Krisch & Stewart, Richard, The Emergence of Global Administrative Law, 68 law and contemporary problems 15 (2005).Google Scholar

² In this rich tradition, see especially christian tietje, internationalisiertes Verwaltungshandeln (Internationalized Administrative Action) 30 (2001), with references to Lorenz von Stein.Google Scholar

³ ohler, christoph, die kollisionsordnung des allgemeinen verwaltungsrechts: strukturen des deutschen internationalen Verwaltungsrechts (The Collision Order of General Administrative Law: Structures of German International Administrative Law) (2005).Google Scholar

⁴ See tietje, christian, supra note 2; matthias ruffert, die globalisierung als herausforderung an das öffentliche recht (Globalization as a Challenge for Public Law) (2004); Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, Die Herausforderung der Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft durch die Internationalisierung der Verwaltungsbeziehungen (The Challenge Posed by the Internationalization of Administrative Relations to Administrative Law Scholarship), 45 der staat 315 (2006); franz c. mayer, die internationalisierung des verwaltungrechts, modi und strukturen der einwirkung auf das nationale recht in zeiten der europäisierung und Globalisierung (The Internationalization of Administrative Law. Modi and Structures of Influence on National Law in Times of Europeanization and Globalization) (Manuscript) (2005).Google Scholar

⁵ See, for example, seidl-hohenveldern, ignaz, das recht der internationalen Organisationen einschliesslich der supranationalen Gemeinschaften (The Law of International Organizations, Including of Supranational Communities) (1971).Google Scholar

⁶ With this concern, see especially Armin von Bogdandy, Prolegomena zu Prinzipien internationalisierter und internationaler Verwaltung (Prolegomena to Principles of Internationalized and International Administration), in allgemeines verwaltungsrecht— zur tragfähigkeit eines konzepts (General Administrative Law – On the Solidity of a Concept) 687 (Hans-Heinrich Trute ed., 2008).Google Scholar

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⁸ Schmidt-Assmann, Eberhard, The Internationalization of Administrative Relations, in the exercise of public authority by international institutions, supra note 7, at 943, 961.Google Scholar

⁹ Id. Google Scholar

¹⁰ Armin von Bogdandy et al., Developing the Publicness of Public International Law, in the exercise of public authority by international institutions, supra note 7, at 3.Google Scholar

¹¹ schmidt-assmann, eberhard, das allgemeine verwaltungsrecht als ordnungsidee, grundlagen und aufgaben der verwaltungsrechtlichen systembildung (General Administrative Law as An Idea of Order, Foundations and Tasks of System-building in Administrative Law) 16 (2004).Google Scholar

¹² This definition is meant to develop sufficient conceptual characterizations that cover the most important cases; we do not aim for a full definition. For details, see koch, hans-joachim & rüssmann, helmut, juristische begründungslehre (Legal Reasoning) 75 (1982).Google Scholar

¹³ Our concept of authority is thus, different from that of the New Haven School, which defines authority as “the structure of expectation concerning who, with what qualifications and mode of selection, is competent to make which decision by what criteria and what procedures.” See Myres McDougal & Harold Laswell, The Identification and Appraisal of Diverse Systems of Public Order, 53 American Journal of International Law 9 (1959).Google Scholar

¹⁴ On standard instruments, see Goldmann, Matthias, Inside Relative Normativity, in the exercise of public authority by international institutions, supra note 7, at 661.Google Scholar

¹⁵ This concept of authority is similar to the concept of power developed by Barnett, & Duvall, , Power in Global Governance, in Power in global governance 98 (Michael N. Barnett ed., 2007). The main difference between their concept of power and our concept of authority in this article is that the latter needs a legal basis. Narrower however, is the definition of authority as the power to enact law unilaterally, as proposed by christoph möllers, gewaltengliederung (Division of Powers) 81-93 (2005).Google Scholar

¹⁶ See Armin von Bogdandy et al., supra note 10, at 3, 11.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Reimer, Ekkehart, Transnationales Steuerrecht (Transnational Tax Law), in Internationales Verwaltungsrecht: Eine Analyse anhand von Referenzgebieten (International Administrative Law: An Analysis Based on Reference Sites) 181 (Christoph Möllers, Andreas Voßkuhle & Christian Walter, eds., 2007). Alternatively, see Christoph Möllers et. al. eds., supra note 7.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Friedrich, Jürgen, Legal Challenges of Non-binding Instruments: The Case of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, in the exercise of public authority by international institutions, supra note 7, at 511.Google Scholar

¹⁹ See Bogdandy, Armin von & Goldmann, Matthias, The Exercise of International Public Authority Through National Policy Assessment. The OECD's PISA Policy as a Paradigm For a New International Standard Instrument, 5 international organizations law review 241 (2008).Google Scholar

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²¹ Some put the task of discharging public duties at the heart of their approach, including Matthias Ruffert, Perspektiven des Internationalen Verwaltungsrechts (Perspectives of International Administrative Law), in Internationales Verwaltungsrecht, supra note 17, at 395, 402. In this article, we prefer to build on the concept of public authority, but qualify it by referencing public interest as well.Google Scholar

²² See Armin von Bogdandy et al., supra note 10, at 3, 13.Google Scholar

²³ Id. at 14.Google Scholar

²⁴ Id. at 15.Google Scholar

²⁵ See Tietje, Christian, supra note 2, at 413.Google Scholar

²⁶ Id. at 413.Google Scholar

²⁷ On administrative cooperation and networks, see Durner, Wolfgang, Internationales Umweltverwaltungsrecht (International Environmental Administrative Law) in Internationales Verwaltungsrecht, supra note 17, at 146. Alternatively, see Christoph Möllers et. al. eds., supra note 7.Google Scholar

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³⁰ See The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention), Sept. 22, 1992, 2354 U.N.T.S 67; 32 I.L.M. 1069 (1993). The OSPAR Convention establishes detailed provisions for the domestic procedure governing the grant of approvals for certain activities impacting on the environment.Google Scholar

³¹ See tietje, christian, supra note 2, at 421. See also, for example, the Hohe-See-Einbringungsgesetz (High Sea Dumping Act) art. 5, Aug. 25, 1998, BGBl. 1S, 2455, which establishes that the permit required for the dumping of excavated material and urns for burial at sea will be withheld if the threshold values of radioactivity are exceeded. These threshold values are set by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and have been adopted by the contracting states to the Protocol to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, Nov. 13, 1972.Google Scholar

³² See, for example, the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, Feb. 2, 1971, 996 U.N.T.S. 245, 11 I.L.M. 969 (1972). For an international law-friendly interpretation, see franz c. mayer, supra note 4, at 313.Google Scholar

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³⁴ Directives 2003/4/EC on Public Access to Environmental Information 2003 O.J. (L41) 26; 2003/35/EC on Providing for Public Participation in Respect of the Drawing Up of Certain Plans and Programmes Relating to the Environment 2003 O.J. (L156) 17; and 2001/42/EC on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Plans and Programmes on the Environment 2001 O.J. (L197). Some international obligations contained in the European Convention [hereinafter “the Convention”] have not, however, been transformed into European Community [hereinafter “the EC”] law, and need to be implemented independently by Germany. See Wolfgang Durner, Internationales Umweltverwaltungsrecht (International Environmental Management Law), in Internationales Verwaltungsrecht, supra note 17, at 121, 134.Google Scholar

³⁵ With regards to the implementation of Directive 2003/35/EC, it has been argued that German law does not go far enough, since the right to sue it provides is too restricted. See the request of a preliminary decision of the Higher Administrative Court of Münster to the Court of Justice of the European Union [hereinafter “CJEU”], Case No. C-115/09, Mar. 27, 2009.Google Scholar

³⁶ See Durner, Wolfgang, supra note 34, at 121, 131–133.Google Scholar

³⁷ See the Law on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [hereinafter the “UNFCC”], Sept. 13, 1993, BGBl. II 1993, 1783; and the Law on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention [hereinafter the “Kyoto Protocol”], Apr. 27, 2002, BGBl II 2002, 966.Google Scholar

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³⁹ Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (German Law on Emission Control), Sept. 26, 2002, BGBl. I 2002, 3830. See Christoph Bail et al., Klimaschutz und Recht (Climate Protection and Law), in handbuch zum europäischen und deutschen umweltrecht: eine systematische darstellung des europäischen umweltrechts mit seinen auswirkungen auf das deutsche recht und mit rechtspolitischen perspektiven (Handbook on European and German Environmental Law: A Systematic Illustration of European Environmental Law with Ist Effects on German Law and Legal Political Perspectives) (Hans-Werner Rengeling ed., 1998).Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ See Art. 1, para 4 of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz (National Law on Narcotics), Jul. 28, 1981, BGBl. I S. 1981, 681, 1187.Google Scholar

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⁶² See especially tietje, christian, supra note 2, at 599-620.Google Scholar

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