1 For a summary of the existing scientific-technological difficulties, see Ralf Müller-Terpitz, Die neuen Empfehlungen der DFG zur Forschung mit menschlichen Stammzellen, 34 Wissenschaftsrecht (WissR) 271, 273 (2001); Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker, Human Cloning from a Scientific Perspective, in Human Dignity and Human Cloning 55 (Silja Vöneky & Rüdiger Wolfram eds., 2004).Google Scholar

2 The description of this process has been taken from the report that dealt with the question of whether there was a need for the legislature to amend the Embryo Protection Act in the wake of the - present and foreseeable future - developments in animal cloning and the techniques used. BTDrucks 13/1/263 at 8. See also the description in the DFG statement about “Human Embryo Stem Cells”, available at www.dfg.de/aktuell/stellungnahmen/lebenswissenschaften/eszeit_d_99.html, at p.2. See also Jan Schindehütte & Peter Gruß, Die molekulare Basis für regenerative Medizin, in Wissenschaften 2001 - Diagnosen und Prognosen 224 (Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen ed., 2001).Google Scholar

3 See recommendations from 3 May 2001. See also Ralf Müller-Terpitz, Die neuen Empfehlungen der DFG zur Forschung mitmenschlichen Stammzellen, 34 Wissenschaftsrecht (WissR) 271 (2001).Google Scholar

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12 Resolution of the European Parliament and Council (EC) No. 2002/835, 2002 O.J. (L 294) 4. See The Inter-institutional File 2001/0122 (CNS), Brussels, 9 August 2002, 11385/02, p. 7 (“During the implementation of this programme and in the research activities arising from it, fundamental ethical principles are to be respected. These include the principles reflected in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, including the following: protection of human dignity and human life … in accordance with Community Law and relevant international conventions and codes of conduct …”).Google Scholar

13 Corresponding passages can be found on page 8 of the Inter-institutional Memorandum. See id.Google Scholar

14 See Thomas GROß, Die Autonomie der Wissenschaft im europäischen Rechtsvergleich 142 (1992).Google Scholar

15 Like in the Preamble for the Charter of Fundamental Rights.Google Scholar

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20 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings, April 4, 1997, Europ. T.S. No. 164.Google Scholar

21 These are Denmark, Greece, San Marino, Slovakia and Slovenia. In the meantime, more countries have ratified the Convention, by the end of September 2005, 18 countries had done so.Google Scholar

22 The English version is legally binding.Google Scholar

23 Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings, January 12, 1998, Europ. T.S. No. 168.Google Scholar

24 Direct quote from the English text.Google Scholar

25 The English version is legally binding.Google Scholar

26 Switzerland, for instance, a member of the Council of Europe, embodied embryo protection in its constitution in an amendment from 18 December 1998. “All types of cloning and interventions in the genetic heritage of human germ cells and embryos are prohibited.” Clause 2c ends: “… only the number of human ova may be developed into embryos outside the woman's body as can be immediately implanted into her.” Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenoosnschaft [BV] / Constitution federal de law Conféderation Suisse [Cst] [Constitution], December 18, 1998, SR 101, art. 119 section 2 lit. a (Switz).Google Scholar

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28 See Rudolf Streinz, Charta der Grundrechte der Europäische Union, in EUV/EGV Kommentar 2573 (Rudolf Streinz ed., 2003).Google Scholar

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32 1997 O.J. (C 115) 14, 4 Consideration B. The awkward wording suggesting that human experiments are “required” is common to the German, English and French versions.Google Scholar

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38 See Kersten supra note 9, at 120 - 193.Google Scholar

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46 See Kersten, supra note 9.Google Scholar

47 Id. at 584.Google Scholar

48 Embryonenschutzgesetz (ESchG- Embryo Protection Act), December 13, 1990, BGBl. I at 2747.Google Scholar

49 This definition is, in essence, repeated by § 3 no. 4 of the Stem Cell Act.Google Scholar

50 Rolf Keller, et al., Kommentar zum Embryonenschutzgesetz § 1, margin note 4 (1992). The same judgment of value provides the basis for Article 119 no. 2 lit. a and c of the Swiss Federal Constitution, which prohibits all types of cloning and limits the amount of embryos created during the act of in vitro fertilization to the number of embryos which can be immediately implanted into the woman.Google Scholar

51 Stammzellgesetz (StZG- Stem Cell Act), June 28, 2002, BGBl. I at 2277.Google Scholar

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55 Horst Dreier's wording. See Horst Dreier, Article 1, in 1 GG Kommentar margin note 66 (Horst Dreier ed., 2nd ed. 2004).Google Scholar

56 According to Dreier. See id. at margin note 64.Google Scholar

57 Taupitz, Jochen, Der rechtliche Rahmen des Klonens zu therapeutischen Zwecken, 54 Neue Juristische Wochenschrift (NJW) 3433, 3438 (2001). On the basis of a speech by Huber, Johannes. See Johannes Huber, Address: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Embryonenforschung aus der Sicht der Medizin.Google Scholar

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70 BVerfGE 39, 1 (44); BVerfGE 88, 203 (255).Google Scholar

71 BVerfGE 88, 203 (251) (with reference to BVerfGE 39, 1 (37)) (emphasis added).Google Scholar

72 BVerfGE 88, 203 (252).Google Scholar

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