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5 See, 0, Kevin N. Laland & Gillian R. Brown, Sense and Nonsense: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behaviour (2002); Maria G. Janicki & Dennis L. Krebs, Evolutionary Approaches to Culture, in Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology: Ideas, Issues, and Applications, 163 (Charles Crawford & Dennis L. Krebs eds., 1998). See also Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, Peter J. Richerson, Nancy W. Thornhill & Eckart Voland, The Place of Behavioral Ecological Anthropology in Evolutionary Social Science, in Human By Nature: Between Biology and the Social Sciences, 253 (Peter Weingart, Sandra D. Mitchell, Peter J. Richerson & Sabine Maasen eds., 1997).Google Scholar

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23 See Laing, Bart Du, Equality in Exchange Revisited – From an Evolutionary (Genetic and Cultural) Point of View, to appear in Law, Mind, and Brain (Michael Freeman & Oliver Goodenough eds., 2008) (available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1030395). For a more extensive discussion of the issues treated in this section, the reader is referred to this article.Google Scholar

24 See generally Richerson, & Boyd, , supra note 10; Boyd, Robert & Richerson, Peter J., Solving the Puzzle of Human Cooperation, in Evolution and Culture, 105 (Stephen C. Levinson & Pierre Jaisson eds., 2006); Richerson, Peter J., Boyd, Robert T. & Henrich, Joseph, Cultural Evolution of Human Cooperation, in Genetic and Cultural Evolution of Cooperation, 357 (Peter Hammerstein ed., 2003); Natalie Henrich & Joseph Henrich, Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation (2007).Google Scholar

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29 Arguably, this combination also appears to leave ample room for what could be called a measure of “violent arbitrariness” in normative systems, and has elsewhere, if I understood the argument correctly, been referred to as the “arbitrariness, inconsistencies, antinomies, paradoxes and even violence” that “lie at the bottom of the most refined constructs in economic and legal action” and of which “rational choice, games theory and decision theory” apparently would be unable to account. See namely Gunther Teubner, Economics of Gift – Positivity of Justice: The Mutual Paranoia of Jacques Derrida and Niklas Luhmann, 18 Theory, Culture & Society 29, 29-30 (2001). See also, infra, section D.I.Google Scholar

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39 It should also be mentioned here that Hodgson recently proposed a taxonomy of the relationship between biology and economics, involving a basic distinction between “(1) Theories of interaction – theories addressing the nature and extent of causal interaction between biological and social phenomena.“ and “(2) Theories of commonality – theories proposing common laws or principles that apply to both biological and social phenomena.“. See Geoffrey M. Hodgson, Taxonomizing the Relationship Between Biology and Economics: A Very Long Engagement, 9 Journal of Bioeconomics 169, 171-172 (2007). Whereas his “theories of commonality” seem to map onto Vromen's first cluster, the “theories of interaction” appear more related to the “continuity thesis” of the second cluster in Vromen's terminology.Google Scholar

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43 Such as Arthur Robson, J., The Biological Basis of Economic Behavior, 39 Journal of Economic Literature 11 (2001); Ben-Ner, Avner & Putterman, Louis, On some implications of evolutionary psychology for the study of preferences and institutions, 43 Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 91 (2000); Hoffman, Elizabeth, McCabe, Kevin A. & Smith, Vernon L., Behavioral Foundations of Reciprocity: Experimental Economics and Evolutionary Psychology, 36 Economic Inquiry 335 (1998).Google Scholar

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50 See Laland, Kevin N., John Odling-Smee, F. & Feldman, Marcus W., Niche Construction, Ecological Inheritance, and Cycles of Contingency in Evolution, in Cycles of Contingency: Developmental Systems and Evolution, 117 (Susan Oyama, Paul E. Griffiths & Russell D. Gray eds., 2001); Laland, Kevin N., Odling-Smee, John & Feldman, Marcus W., Niche construction, biological evolution, and cultural change, 23 Behavioral and Brain Sciences 131 (2000). See also, e.g., Henry Plotkin, The Imagined World Made Real: Towards a Natural Science of Culture, 213-246 (2002).Google Scholar

51 Bowles, Samuel, Economic institutions as ecological niches, 23 Behavioral and Brain Sciences 148 (2000).Google Scholar

52 A thorough comparison of Luhmann's theoretical framework with dual inheritance theory and other multi-level evolutionary approaches would in any case be well beyond the scope of this altogether short article. Some aspects of such a comparison can perhaps be glanced from the German reactions to Richerson, Peter J. & Boyd, Robert, Evolution: The Darwinian Theory of Social Change – An Homage to Donald T. Campbell, in Paradigms of Social Change: Modernization, Development, Transformation, Evolution, 257 (Waltraud Schelkle, Wolf-Hagen Krauth, Martin Kohli & Georg Elwert eds., 2000). See also Luhmann, Niklas, Systemtheorie, Evolutionstheorie und Kommunikationstheorie, in Soziologische Aufklärung 2: Aufsätze zur Theorie der Gesellschaft, 193 (1975/1991 (4^th ed.)).Google Scholar

53 Teubner, Gunther, Idiosyncratic Production Regimes: Co-evolution of Economic and Legal Institutions in the Varieties of Capitalism, in The Evolution of Cultural Entities (Proceedings of the British Academy 112), 161, 167 (Michael Wheeler, John Ziman & Margaret A. Boden eds., 2002).Google Scholar

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