Article contents
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) – Conservation Efforts Undermine The Legality Principle
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2019
Extract
CITES is acknowledged as one of the most successful international environmental treaties in the world. CITES is not just a conservation treaty, it is also a trade instrument that attempts to strike a balance between these often competing values.
- Type
- Thematic Studies
- Information
- German Law Journal , Volume 9 , Issue 11: Special issue - The Exercise of Public Authority by International Institutions , 01 November 2008 , pp. 1565 - 1596
- Copyright
- Copyright © 2008 by German Law Journal GbR
References
1 McOmber, Elisabeth M., Problems in Enforcement of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 2 Brook. J. Int'l L. 673, 674 (2002).Google Scholar
2 Rosalind Reeve, Policing International Trade in Endangered Species. The CITES Treaty and Compliance 28 (2002).Google Scholar
3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 3 March 1973, Preamble (1), (2), available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/text.shtml.Google Scholar
4 CITES, Preamble (4).Google Scholar
5 Sand, Peter H., Whither CITES? The Evolution of a Treaty Regime in the Borderland of Trade and Environment, 1 European J. Int'l L. 29, 31 (1997).Google Scholar
6 Id. at 30.Google Scholar
7 David S. Favre, International Trade in Endangered Species: A Guide to CITES 878 (1989); Young, Saskia, Contemporary Issues of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Debate Over Sustainable Use, 1 Colo. J. Int'l Envtl. L.&Pol'y 167, 173 (2003).Google Scholar
8 Favre (note 7), at 882.Google Scholar
9 Brundtland Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future; United Nations Conference on Environment & Development, Agenda 21, UN doc. A/42/427.Google Scholar
10 Birnie, Patricia, The Case of the Convention on Trade in Endangered Species, in Enforcing Environmental Standards: Economic Mechanisms as Viable Means? 233, 241, (Rüdiger Wolfrum ed., 1996).Google Scholar
11 Young (note 7), at 183; Krieps, Catharine L, Sustainable Use of Endangered Species under CITES: Is it a Sustainable Alternative?, 17 U. Pa. J. Int'l Econ. L. 476, 477 (1996).Google Scholar
12 Young (note 7), at 184.Google Scholar
13 Birnie (note 10), at 241.Google Scholar
14 McOmber (note 1), at 674.Google Scholar
15 Birnie (note 10), at 241.Google Scholar
16 Young (note 7), at 185.Google Scholar
17 Conf. 13.2(a).Google Scholar
18 Conf. 14.2 Annex Goal 3; Objective 3.4; SC54 Doc. 6.1, Annex 2.Google Scholar
19 SC54 doc. 6.1.Google Scholar
20 Art. II.Google Scholar
21 See http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/species.shtml, last visited: April 2007.Google Scholar
22 Bindschedler, Rudolf L., International Organisations, General Aspects, in EPIL, Vol. 2, 1289 (Rudolph Bernhardt ed., 1995)Google Scholar
23 Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, Das allgemeine Verwaltungsrecht als Ordnungsidee 321 (2006).Google Scholar
24 Conf. 11.1 (Rev. CoP14) (a).Google Scholar
25 Conf. 11.1 (Rev. CoP14) (b).Google Scholar
26 Conf. 11.1 (Rev. CoP14).Google Scholar
27 Art. IX(1), (2).Google Scholar
29 Brunnée, Jutta, Reweaving the Fabric of International Law? Patterns of Consent in Environmental Framework Agreements, in 177 Developments of International Law in Treaty Making 101, 106 (Rüdiger Wolfrum & Volker Röben eds., 2005).Google Scholar
30 Wolfrum, Rüdiger, Means of Ensuring Compliance with and Enforcement of International Environmental Law, 272 Recueil des Cours. Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law 9, 48 (1998).Google Scholar
31 Art. XII(1); Birnie (note 10), at 238.Google Scholar
32 Reeve (note 2), at 43.Google Scholar
33 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a).Google Scholar
34 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (b).Google Scholar
35 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (c).Google Scholar
36 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (d).Google Scholar
37 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (f).Google Scholar
38 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (i).Google Scholar
39 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(III).Google Scholar
40 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(i)(B).Google Scholar
41 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(i)(C).Google Scholar
42 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(i)(A).Google Scholar
43 Reeve (note 2), at 47; Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 1, (a)(ii).Google Scholar
44 Reeve (note 2), at 48; Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP13) Annex 1, (a)(iii).Google Scholar
45 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14)Annex 1, (b)(i).Google Scholar
46 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (a).Google Scholar
47 Reeve (note 2), at 51; Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (c).Google Scholar
48 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (a).Google Scholar
49 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (d).Google Scholar
50 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (f), (g).Google Scholar
51 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP14) Annex 2, (h).Google Scholar
52 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP13) Annex 2, (i).Google Scholar
53 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP13) Annex 2, (j).Google Scholar
54 Conf. 11.1, (Rev. CoP13) Annex 2, (k).Google Scholar
55 Reeve (note 2), at 46.Google Scholar
56 Art. II.Google Scholar
57 Art. II(1).Google Scholar
58 Birnie (note 10), at 235.Google Scholar
59 Art. II(2).Google Scholar
60 Art. II(3).Google Scholar
61 Birnie (note 10), at 237.Google Scholar
62 Brunnée (note 29), at 102.Google Scholar
63 Id. at 104.Google Scholar
64 Art. XI(3)(e).Google Scholar
65 Reeve (note 2), at 40.Google Scholar
66 Id. at 41.Google Scholar
67 Reeve (note 2), at 40.Google Scholar
68 Sand (note 5), at 35.Google Scholar
69 Brunnée (note 29), at 111, 115.Google Scholar
70 Art. XVII(1).Google Scholar
71 Art. XVII(3).Google Scholar
72 Reeve (note 2), at 41.Google Scholar
73 Id. at 42.Google Scholar
74 Id. at 43.Google Scholar
75 Wijnstekers, Willem, The Evolution of CITES, 51 (Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 2003).Google Scholar
76 McOmber (note 1) at 683; Garrison, Johan L., The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the Debate Over Sustainable Use, 12 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 301, 312 (1994).Google Scholar
77 McOmber (note 1), at 683; Sand (note 5), at 45.Google Scholar
78 McOmber (note 1), at 684; Sand (note 5), at 46.Google Scholar
79 Favre (note 7), at 876.Google Scholar
80 McOmber (note 1), at 695.Google Scholar
81 Id. at 685.Google Scholar
82 Id. at 686; Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP13).Google Scholar
83 Art. XV(1)(a).Google Scholar
84 Art. XV(2).Google Scholar
85 Art. XV(1)(a).Google Scholar
86 Art. XV (1)(b).Google Scholar
87 Art. XV(1)(c).Google Scholar
88 Art. XV(3).Google Scholar
89 Reeve (note 2), at 36.Google Scholar
90 Art. XII(2)(f).Google Scholar
91 Brunnée (note 29), at 108.Google Scholar
92 Reeve (note 2), at 32.Google Scholar
94 Art. XI(7).Google Scholar
95 Art. XI(6).Google Scholar
96 Conf. 13.8.Google Scholar
97 Conf. 13.8.Google Scholar
98 Reeve (note 2), at 38.Google Scholar
99 Art. II(4) 8(1)(a).Google Scholar
100 Art. III(2).Google Scholar
101 Art. III(3).Google Scholar
102 Birnie (note 10), at 237.Google Scholar
103 Art. III(4), (5).Google Scholar
104 Art. IV(2).Google Scholar
105 Art. IV(3).Google Scholar
106 Art. IV(4).Google Scholar
107 Art. V(2).Google Scholar
108 Art. V(3).Google Scholar
109 Art. VII(6).Google Scholar
110 Art. VII(7).Google Scholar
111 Art. II(4).Google Scholar
112 Art. VIII(1).Google Scholar
113 Birnie (note 10), at 243.Google Scholar
114 Art. 1(b)(II), (III).Google Scholar
115 Conf. 10.3 (h); Murphy, James B., Alternative Approaches to the CITES “Non-detriment” Finding for Appendix II Species, 2 Envtl L. 531, 540 (2006).Google Scholar
116 Conf. 10.14 (Rev. CoP13); Conf. 10.15 (Rev. CoP12); Conf. 12.3 (Rev. CoP13); available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/index.shtml.Google Scholar
117 Art. XII(2)(c).Google Scholar
118 Sand (note 5), at 51.Google Scholar
119 Sand (note 5), at 55.Google Scholar
120 Art. 3.Google Scholar
121 Arts. XI(3)(d), (e); XIII(3); Art. XII(2)(h).Google Scholar
122 Sand (note 5), at 49.Google Scholar
123 Art. VIII(6), (7).Google Scholar
124 Art. VIII(7).Google Scholar
125 Art. VIII(8).Google Scholar
126 Sand (note 5), at 50.Google Scholar
127 Birnie (note 10), at 239; Sand (note 5), at 49.Google Scholar
128 Reeve (note 2), at 62.Google Scholar
129 Art. XIII(1).Google Scholar
130 Art. XIII(2).Google Scholar
131 Art. XII(2)(e).Google Scholar
132 Art. XII(2)(g).Google Scholar
133 Wolfrum (note 30), at 49.Google Scholar
134 Sand (note 5), at 49.Google Scholar
135 Murphy (note 115), at 537.Google Scholar
136 Reeve (note 2), at 91.Google Scholar
137 Sand (note 5), at 38.Google Scholar
138 Id. at 39.Google Scholar
140 Conf. 12.8 (Rev. CoP13) (s).Google Scholar
141 Sand (note 5), at 54.Google Scholar
142 McOmber (note 1), at 674.Google Scholar
143 Murphy (note 115), at 541.Google Scholar
144 Id. at 542.Google Scholar
145 Id. at 540.Google Scholar
146 Id. at 534, 541.Google Scholar
147 Krieps (note 11), at 462.Google Scholar
148 Id. at 473.Google Scholar
149 Murphy (note 115), at 533.Google Scholar
150 Reeve (note 2), at 45.Google Scholar
151 Sand (note 5), at 50.Google Scholar
152 Id. at 54.Google Scholar
153 Art. VIII(1)(a).Google Scholar
154 EC Regulation No 338/97 of 9 December 1996, OJ L 61, 3.3.1997.Google Scholar
155 Bundesgesetz über die Überwachung des Handels mit Exemplaren wildlebender Tier- und Pflanzenarten Artenhandelsgesetz – ArtHG) – Trade in Species Act from 30 January 1998, BGBl. I Nr. 33/1998, last changed by BGBl. I Nr. 29/2006.Google Scholar
156 Section 66, Federal Nature Conservation Act from 3 April 2002, BGBl. I Nr. 22/2002; Section 330 (1)(3), Criminal Code from 13 November 1998, BGBl. I p.3322, last changed by BGBl I p.1690.Google Scholar
157 Government Decree No.271/2002 (XII.20) on the Implementation and Enforcements of CITES (2002), amended by Government Decree 283/2004.Google Scholar
158 Flora and Fauna Act from 1 April 2002, Stb. 1998, 402, last changed by Stb. 2002, 236; Act on Economic Offences from 22 June 1950, Stb. 1950, K258, last changed by Stb. 2002, 542.Google Scholar
159 Tobias Garstecki, Implementation of Article 16, Council Regulation (EC) No. 338/97, in the 25 Member States of the European Union. A TRAFFIC Europe Report for the European Commission, 7 (2006), available at http://www.traffic.org/general-topics/.Google Scholar
160 Ministry of Environment and Energy Statutory Order No. 84 of 23 January 2002.Google Scholar
161 Art. 215 and Art. 414, Customs Code of 8 July 1963, Décret Nr. 63–673, Journal Officiel from 12 July 1963.Google Scholar
162 Law 150/92, Gazz. Uff. Nr. 44 from 22 February 1992.Google Scholar
163 Art. 12 Law of 21 April 1989, Journal Officiel Nr.33 from 26 May 1989.Google Scholar
164 Arts. 127–131 Nature Conservation Act of 16 April 2004, Journal of Laws 04.92.88.Google Scholar
165 Art. 40 Decree on the course of conduct and protection measures in the trade in animal and plant species, OG of the RS 52/04.Google Scholar
166 Art. 127 Loi-Programme of 27 December 2004, Service Public Federal Chancellerie du Premier Ministre from 31 December 2004, available at http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/doc/rech_f.htm.Google Scholar
167 Art. 32/1 Decreto-Lei Nr.114/90, from 5 April 1990, Diário da República I Nr.80, p.1669.Google Scholar
168 Rob Parry Jones and Amelie Knapp, Enforcement of Wildlife Trade Controls in EU Member States: Country Profiles, 108 (2006), available at http://www.traffic.org/enforcement.Google Scholar
169 Garstecki (note 159), at 7.Google Scholar
170 Anton, Monika, A Preliminary Overview of Court Cases and Challenges in the Prosecution of Crime related to Wildlife Trade in the EU, in Proceeding of the International Expert Workshop of the Enforcement of Wildlife Trade Controls in the EU, 43 (Monika Anton, Nicholas Dragffy, Stephanie Pendry & Tomme Rozanne Young eds., 2001), available at www.traffic.org/enforcement.Google Scholar
171 Parry-Jones and Knapp (note 168), at 29.Google Scholar
172 Antonio Cassese, International Criminal Law 139 (2003).Google Scholar
173 Id. at 140.Google Scholar
174 Id. at 141.Google Scholar
175 Catenacci, Mauro, Nullum Crimen Sine Lege, in The International Criminal Court, Comments on the Draft Statute, 159, 162 (Flavia Lattanzi ed., 1998).Google Scholar
176 Cassese, supra note 172at 142.Google Scholar
177 Id. at 143.Google Scholar
178 Art. 15 UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Art. 7 European Convention on Human Rights; Art. 9 American Convention on Human Rights; Art. 7(2) African Charter on Human and People's Rights; Lamb, Susan, Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena sine Lege in International Criminal Law, in I The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. A Commentary 733 (Antonio Cassesse ed., 2002).Google Scholar
179 Art. 11(2) Universal Declaration Of Human Rights.Google Scholar
180 Cassese (note 172), at 144; Art. 99(1) Third Convention; Art. 67 Fourth Convention; Additional Protocol I, Art. 2(c); Additional Protocol II, Art.6(c).Google Scholar
181 Arts. 22–24 ICC-Statute; Saland, Per, International Criminal Law Principles, in The International Criminal Court, The Making of the Rome Statute - Issues, Negotiations, Results 189, 190 (Roy S. Lee ed., 1992).Google Scholar
182 M. Cherif Bassiouni, Introduction to International Criminal Law 219 (2003).Google Scholar
183 Gerhard Werle, Principles of International Criminal Law 32 (2005); Bassiouni (note 182), at 221.Google Scholar
184 Bassiouni (note 182), at 218; Werle (note 183), at 33; Lamb (note 178), at 733; Ward N. Ferdinandusse, Direct Application of International Criminal Law in National Courts 223 (2006).Google Scholar
185 Werle (note 183), at 33.Google Scholar
186 Bassiouni (note 182), at 221.Google Scholar
187 Id. at 224.Google Scholar
188 Id. at 225.Google Scholar
189 Catenacci (note 175), at 160.Google Scholar
- 3
- Cited by