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Comparative Dispute Management: Court-connected Mediation in Japan and Germany

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 March 2019

Katja Funken

Extract

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During the last decade, there has been a widespread trend in Germany and internationally away from litigation towards Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) procedures. In recent years, the German interest has especially focused on mediation as a means of dispute resolution. The year 2000 saw the introduction of a federal mediation law that permits all German states (“Länder”) to launch mandatory court-connected mediation with respect to certain kinds of civil disputes. However, mediation is still in its infancy in Germany. Thus, it could be helpful for the purpose of improving the German system to look to other jurisdictions that have mature mediation systems.

Type
Research Article
Information
German Law Journal , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , February 2002 , E1
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 by German Law Journal GbR 

References

References

Alexander, N, Wirtschaftsmediation in Theorie und Praxis, Peter Lang, Frankfurt et al.,1999 Google Scholar
Blankenburg, E et al, ‘Alternative Rechtsformen und Alternativen zum Recht', Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie, Volume 6, Köln 1980 Google Scholar
Boulle, L, Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice, Butterworths, Sydney, 1996 Google Scholar
Breidenbach, S, Henssler, M (eds), Mediation für Juristen, Otto Schmidt, Köln, 1997 Google Scholar
Bühring-Uhle C, Arbitration and Mediation in International Business: Designing Procedures for Effective Conflict Management, New York, Kluwer Law International, 1996 Google Scholar
Davis, JWS, Dispute Resolution in Japan, Kluwer Law International, Cambridge/MA, 1996 Google Scholar
Fisher, R, Ury, W, Patton, B, Getting to YES, 2nd edition, Random House, Sydney, 1999 Google Scholar
Foster, NG, German Legal System and Laws, Blackstone Press, London, 1996.Google Scholar
Gottwald, W, Strempel, D (eds), Streitschlichtung: Rechtsvergleichende Beiträge zur außergerichtlichen Streitschlichtung, Bundesanzeiger, Köln, 1995 Google Scholar
Henderson, DF, Conciliation in Japanese Law: Tokugawa and Modern, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1965 Google Scholar
Iwasaki, K, ‘Japan', Dispute Resolution in Asia, Pryles M (ed), Kluwer Law International, The Hague et al., 1997 Google Scholar
Nakane, C, Japanese Society, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1970 Google Scholar
Noda, Y, (Angelo AH trans), Introduction to Japanese Law, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1976 Google Scholar
Oda, H, Japanese Law, Butterworths, London, 1992 Google Scholar
Ponschab, R, Schweizer, A, Kooperation statt Konfrontation: Neue Wege anwaltlichen Verhandelns, Otto Schmidt, Köln, 1997 Google Scholar
Reischauer, EO, The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity, Belknap Press, London, 1988 Google Scholar
Sünderhauf, H, Mediation bei der außergerichtlichen Lösung von Umweltkonflikten in Deutschland, Rhombos, Berlin, 1997 Google Scholar
Strempel, D, ‘Der japanische Beitrag zur Fortentwicklung außerforensischer und vermittelnder Konfliktregelung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland', in: Festschrift für Zentaro Kitagawa, Leser, G, Isomura, T (eds), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1992 Google Scholar
Strempel, D, ‘Mediation in Rechtspflege und Gesellschaft: Eine Einführung', in: Strempel D (ed), Mediation für die Praxis: Recht, Verfahren. Trends, Haufe, Berlin, 1998 Google Scholar
Tanaka, H, The Japanese Legal System, University of Tokyo Press, 1976 Google Scholar
Wigmore, JH, A Panorama of the World's Legal Systems, Gaunt & Sons, Holmes Beach/Fla., 1992 Google Scholar
Alexander, N, ‘German Law Paves the Way for Mandatory Mediation', (2000) 2(9) ADR Bulletin 87Google Scholar
Landtag, Bayerischer, Drucksache 14/2265Google Scholar
Benda, H, ‘Richter im Rechtsstaat', (1979) Deutsche Richterzeitung 357Google Scholar
Berat, L, ‘The Role of Court-connected Mediation in the Japanese Legal System', (1992) Am. U.J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 133, reprinted in Port KL, Comparative Law: Law and the Legal Process in Japan, Carolina Academic Press, Durham/NC, 1996 at 488 ff.Google Scholar
Duve, C, ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) - die außergerichtliche Streitbeilegung in den USA', (1998) Betriebs-Berater, Beilage 10 ('Mediation und Recht') 10Google Scholar
Duve, C, Germany ‘Attempts’ Mandatory Mediation', (1997) 15 Alternatives to the High Costs of Litigation 77Google Scholar
Duve, C, Ponschab, R, ‘Wann empfehlen sich Mediation, Schlichtung oder Schiedsverfahren in wirtschaftsrechtlichen Streitigkeiten?', (1999) 5 Zeitschrift für Mediation 263Google Scholar
Gibbons, DJ, ‘Law and the Group Ethos in Japan', (1990) 3 Int'l Legal Persp. 98 Guide to the Family Court of Japan, Supreme Court of Japan, Tokyo, 1987Google Scholar
Haley, JO, ‘The Politics of Informal Justice: The Japanese Experience, 1922-1942', in Abel R (ed), The Politics of Informal Justice, Volume 2, Academic Press, New York, 1982 Google Scholar
Hammerl, M, ‘Der Ablauf des Schlichtungsverfahrens nach dem Bayerischen Schlichtungsgesetz (BaySchlG) at http://www.rechts-links.com/mitteilungen/gang_des_verfahrens.htm.Google Scholar
Henderson, DF, ‘Some Aspects of Tokugawa Law', (1952) 27 Wash. L. Rev. 85Google Scholar
Hoffmann-Riem, W, ‘Konfliktbewältigung in einer angebotsorientierten Rechtsschutzordnung', (1997) Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 190Google Scholar
Iwai, N, ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution in Court: The Japanese Experience', (1991) 6 J. Disp. Res. 201 reprinted in Port KL, Comparative Law: Law and the Legal Process in Japan, Carolina Academic Press, Durham/NC, 1996 at 468 ff.Google Scholar
Iwasaki, K, ‘ADR: Japanese Experience with Court-connected Mediation’ (1994) 10 Arbitration International 91, reprinted in Dean M, Japanese Legal System: Text and Materials, London, Cavendish, 1997, 460 ff.Google Scholar
Jansen, P, ‘Parteiautonomie im Vermittlungsverfahren? Empirische Ergebnisse zum Güteverfahren vor dem Schiedsmann', (1988) Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 328Google Scholar
Japan Federation of Bar Associations ed., Shimin to Horitsu-mondai (Citizens and Legal Problems), Tokyo, 1986 Google Scholar
Kitamura, I, ‘The Judiciary in Contemporary Society: Japan’ (1993) 25 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 263Google Scholar
Krapp, T, ‘Court-connected Mediation in Japan', Second International Mediation Conference, Mediation and Cultural Diversity, Conference Proceedings, 18-20 January 1996, Adelaide, South Australia, Dale Bagshaw (ed)Google Scholar
Kusano, Y, ‘A Discussion of Compromise Techniques’ (1991) Law in Japan 140-57, reprinted in Dean M, Japanese Legal System: Text and Materials, London, Cavendish, 1997 at 489 ff.Google Scholar
Landtag von Baden-Württemberg, Drucksache 12/5033.Google Scholar
Obuchi, T, ‘Role of the Court in the Process of Informal Dispute Resolution in Japan: Traditional and Modern Aspects With Special Emphasis on In-Court Compromise', (1987) 20 Law in Japan 74Google Scholar
Ohta, T, Hozumi, T, ‘Compromise in the Course of Litigation’ (1973) 6 Law in Japan 99-102, reprinted in: Dean M, Japanese Legal System: Text and Materials, London, Cavendish, 1997 at 478 ff.Google Scholar
Pardieck, AM, ‘Virtuous Ways and Beautiful Customs: The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Japan', (1997) 11 Temp. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 31Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, H, ‘Knappe Resource Recht', (1981) Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 121Google Scholar
Proksch, R, ‘Mediation in Deutschland – Stand und Perspektiven außergerichtlicher Konfliktregelung durch Mediation', (1998) 1 Zeitschrift für Mediation 7Google Scholar
Risse, J, ‘Die Rolle des Rechts in der Wirtschaftsmediation', (1999) Betriebs Berater, Beilage 9Google Scholar
Sander, FEA, Goldberg, SB, ‘Fitting the Forum to the Fuss: A User-Friendly Guide to Selecting an ADR Procedure', (1994) 10 Negotiation Journal 49Google Scholar
See , H, ‘The Judiciary and Dispute Resolution in Japan: A Survey', (1982) 10 Fla. State U. L. Rev. 339Google Scholar
Spörer, T, ‘Mediation in der Wirtschaft – Wirtschaft in der Mediation', (1998) Zeitschrift für Mediation 27Google Scholar
Tanase, T, ‘The Management of Disputes: Automobile Accident Compensation in Japan', (1990) 24 Law and Society Review 651Google Scholar
Taniguchi, Y, ‘Mediation in Japan and Mediation's Cross-Cultural Viability', paper given at the Biennial IFCAI Conference, October 24, 1997, Geneva, Switzerland “Vorblatt zum Gesetzentwurf der Landesregierung Nordrhein Westfalen” at http://www.jm.nrw.de/stat_jm/themen/streitschl/Vorblatt.htm.Google Scholar
Wren, HG, ‘The Legal System of Pre-Western Japan', (1968) 20 Hastings L.J. 217Google Scholar
Yamada, A, ‘Court-connected ADR in Japan', paper given at the conference “Verhandeln und Mediation”, Tübingen, April 1997 Google Scholar
Alexander, N, Wirtschaftsmediation in Theorie und Praxis, Peter Lang, Frankfurt et al.,1999 Google Scholar
Blankenburg, E et al, ‘Alternative Rechtsformen und Alternativen zum Recht', Jahrbuch für Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie, Volume 6, Köln 1980 Google Scholar
Boulle, L, Mediation: Principles, Process, Practice, Butterworths, Sydney, 1996 Google Scholar
Breidenbach, S, Henssler, M (eds), Mediation für Juristen, Otto Schmidt, Köln, 1997 Google Scholar
Bühring-Uhle C, Arbitration and Mediation in International Business: Designing Procedures for Effective Conflict Management, New York, Kluwer Law International, 1996 Google Scholar
Davis, JWS, Dispute Resolution in Japan, Kluwer Law International, Cambridge/MA, 1996 Google Scholar
Fisher, R, Ury, W, Patton, B, Getting to YES, 2nd edition, Random House, Sydney, 1999 Google Scholar
Foster, NG, German Legal System and Laws, Blackstone Press, London, 1996.Google Scholar
Gottwald, W, Strempel, D (eds), Streitschlichtung: Rechtsvergleichende Beiträge zur außergerichtlichen Streitschlichtung, Bundesanzeiger, Köln, 1995 Google Scholar
Henderson, DF, Conciliation in Japanese Law: Tokugawa and Modern, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1965 Google Scholar
Iwasaki, K, ‘Japan', Dispute Resolution in Asia, Pryles M (ed), Kluwer Law International, The Hague et al., 1997 Google Scholar
Nakane, C, Japanese Society, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1970 Google Scholar
Noda, Y, (Angelo AH trans), Introduction to Japanese Law, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1976 Google Scholar
Oda, H, Japanese Law, Butterworths, London, 1992 Google Scholar
Ponschab, R, Schweizer, A, Kooperation statt Konfrontation: Neue Wege anwaltlichen Verhandelns, Otto Schmidt, Köln, 1997 Google Scholar
Reischauer, EO, The Japanese Today: Change and Continuity, Belknap Press, London, 1988 Google Scholar
Sünderhauf, H, Mediation bei der außergerichtlichen Lösung von Umweltkonflikten in Deutschland, Rhombos, Berlin, 1997 Google Scholar
Strempel, D, ‘Der japanische Beitrag zur Fortentwicklung außerforensischer und vermittelnder Konfliktregelung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland', in: Festschrift für Zentaro Kitagawa, Leser, G, Isomura, T (eds), Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1992 Google Scholar
Strempel, D, ‘Mediation in Rechtspflege und Gesellschaft: Eine Einführung', in: Strempel D (ed), Mediation für die Praxis: Recht, Verfahren. Trends, Haufe, Berlin, 1998 Google Scholar
Tanaka, H, The Japanese Legal System, University of Tokyo Press, 1976 Google Scholar
Wigmore, JH, A Panorama of the World's Legal Systems, Gaunt & Sons, Holmes Beach/Fla., 1992 Google Scholar
Alexander, N, ‘German Law Paves the Way for Mandatory Mediation', (2000) 2(9) ADR Bulletin 87Google Scholar
Landtag, Bayerischer, Drucksache 14/2265Google Scholar
Benda, H, ‘Richter im Rechtsstaat', (1979) Deutsche Richterzeitung 357Google Scholar
Berat, L, ‘The Role of Court-connected Mediation in the Japanese Legal System', (1992) Am. U.J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 133, reprinted in Port KL, Comparative Law: Law and the Legal Process in Japan, Carolina Academic Press, Durham/NC, 1996 at 488 ff.Google Scholar
Duve, C, ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) - die außergerichtliche Streitbeilegung in den USA', (1998) Betriebs-Berater, Beilage 10 ('Mediation und Recht') 10Google Scholar
Duve, C, Germany ‘Attempts’ Mandatory Mediation', (1997) 15 Alternatives to the High Costs of Litigation 77Google Scholar
Duve, C, Ponschab, R, ‘Wann empfehlen sich Mediation, Schlichtung oder Schiedsverfahren in wirtschaftsrechtlichen Streitigkeiten?', (1999) 5 Zeitschrift für Mediation 263Google Scholar
Gibbons, DJ, ‘Law and the Group Ethos in Japan', (1990) 3 Int'l Legal Persp. 98 Guide to the Family Court of Japan, Supreme Court of Japan, Tokyo, 1987Google Scholar
Haley, JO, ‘The Politics of Informal Justice: The Japanese Experience, 1922-1942', in Abel R (ed), The Politics of Informal Justice, Volume 2, Academic Press, New York, 1982 Google Scholar
Hammerl, M, ‘Der Ablauf des Schlichtungsverfahrens nach dem Bayerischen Schlichtungsgesetz (BaySchlG) at http://www.rechts-links.com/mitteilungen/gang_des_verfahrens.htm.Google Scholar
Henderson, DF, ‘Some Aspects of Tokugawa Law', (1952) 27 Wash. L. Rev. 85Google Scholar
Hoffmann-Riem, W, ‘Konfliktbewältigung in einer angebotsorientierten Rechtsschutzordnung', (1997) Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 190Google Scholar
Iwai, N, ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution in Court: The Japanese Experience', (1991) 6 J. Disp. Res. 201 reprinted in Port KL, Comparative Law: Law and the Legal Process in Japan, Carolina Academic Press, Durham/NC, 1996 at 468 ff.Google Scholar
Iwasaki, K, ‘ADR: Japanese Experience with Court-connected Mediation’ (1994) 10 Arbitration International 91, reprinted in Dean M, Japanese Legal System: Text and Materials, London, Cavendish, 1997, 460 ff.Google Scholar
Jansen, P, ‘Parteiautonomie im Vermittlungsverfahren? Empirische Ergebnisse zum Güteverfahren vor dem Schiedsmann', (1988) Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie 328Google Scholar
Japan Federation of Bar Associations ed., Shimin to Horitsu-mondai (Citizens and Legal Problems), Tokyo, 1986 Google Scholar
Kitamura, I, ‘The Judiciary in Contemporary Society: Japan’ (1993) 25 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 263Google Scholar
Krapp, T, ‘Court-connected Mediation in Japan', Second International Mediation Conference, Mediation and Cultural Diversity, Conference Proceedings, 18-20 January 1996, Adelaide, South Australia, Dale Bagshaw (ed)Google Scholar
Kusano, Y, ‘A Discussion of Compromise Techniques’ (1991) Law in Japan 140-57, reprinted in Dean M, Japanese Legal System: Text and Materials, London, Cavendish, 1997 at 489 ff.Google Scholar
Landtag von Baden-Württemberg, Drucksache 12/5033.Google Scholar
Obuchi, T, ‘Role of the Court in the Process of Informal Dispute Resolution in Japan: Traditional and Modern Aspects With Special Emphasis on In-Court Compromise', (1987) 20 Law in Japan 74Google Scholar
Ohta, T, Hozumi, T, ‘Compromise in the Course of Litigation’ (1973) 6 Law in Japan 99-102, reprinted in: Dean M, Japanese Legal System: Text and Materials, London, Cavendish, 1997 at 478 ff.Google Scholar
Pardieck, AM, ‘Virtuous Ways and Beautiful Customs: The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Japan', (1997) 11 Temp. Int'l & Comp. L. J. 31Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, H, ‘Knappe Resource Recht', (1981) Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik 121Google Scholar
Proksch, R, ‘Mediation in Deutschland – Stand und Perspektiven außergerichtlicher Konfliktregelung durch Mediation', (1998) 1 Zeitschrift für Mediation 7Google Scholar
Risse, J, ‘Die Rolle des Rechts in der Wirtschaftsmediation', (1999) Betriebs Berater, Beilage 9Google Scholar
Sander, FEA, Goldberg, SB, ‘Fitting the Forum to the Fuss: A User-Friendly Guide to Selecting an ADR Procedure', (1994) 10 Negotiation Journal 49Google Scholar
See , H, ‘The Judiciary and Dispute Resolution in Japan: A Survey', (1982) 10 Fla. State U. L. Rev. 339Google Scholar
Spörer, T, ‘Mediation in der Wirtschaft – Wirtschaft in der Mediation', (1998) Zeitschrift für Mediation 27Google Scholar
Tanase, T, ‘The Management of Disputes: Automobile Accident Compensation in Japan', (1990) 24 Law and Society Review 651Google Scholar
Taniguchi, Y, ‘Mediation in Japan and Mediation's Cross-Cultural Viability', paper given at the Biennial IFCAI Conference, October 24, 1997, Geneva, Switzerland “Vorblatt zum Gesetzentwurf der Landesregierung Nordrhein Westfalen” at http://www.jm.nrw.de/stat_jm/themen/streitschl/Vorblatt.htm.Google Scholar
Wren, HG, ‘The Legal System of Pre-Western Japan', (1968) 20 Hastings L.J. 217Google Scholar
Yamada, A, ‘Court-connected ADR in Japan', paper given at the conference “Verhandeln und Mediation”, Tübingen, April 1997 Google Scholar