page 97 note * Of late the study of the species of the quaternary epoch in respect to their appearances and succession has made great progress. A remarkable memoir by M. Lartet has appeared on this important subject, and according to this learned paleontologist the cave-bears had disappeared before the appearance of the mammoths, and man was contemporary with these species. (See Ann. des Sc. Nat., 4me Série, t. xv., cah. iii.)

page 97 note † Scohy, , ‘Considérations sur les Ossements Fossiles découverts à Lierre,’ 1860 Google Scholar; and ‘Bulletins de l'Académie Royale de Belgique,’ 2me Série, t, ix., No. 5.

page 98 note * Amongst the migrations which have interested us, we could cite two species which visit regularly the Feroe Isles since the most remote period, and still make their periodic visitation. According to a legend of the country, a pagan giant, vanquished by a Christian, promised him for ransom and pardon to send him every year a bird and a whale which should be found nowhere else. The bird is the white crow, the whale the dogling or hyperoodon.—Eschricht, Comptes Rendus, t. xlvii.; July, 1858.

page 98 note † Cuvier makes mention of these charters, which were communicated to him by the Abbé de la Rue. (See ‘Ossements Fossiles,’ 4me edit., t. 5, Ire partie, p. 74.Google Scholar)

page 98 note ‡ The illustrious savant could not speak with exact knowledge of the Mysticetus, or of the Northern whale, because he had never seen a specimen. At the present time even there is not a skeleton of this curious animal either at Paris or in London. There is known one example at Copenhagen, and a second has since been acquired by the Royal Museum at Brussels. The other chief portions of this whale known are, a fine adult skull at Kiel, another head at London, and the head of a young animal at Leyden.

page 98 note § ‘Kong-Skug-Sio, Det Konglige Speil, den Konigligen Spiegel,’ or ‘Royal Mirror,’ an Icelandic manuscript of the twelfth century.—B. (See also Reinhardt, M. on the “franches” whales, ‘Om Nordhvalen’ (Balæna mysticetus, L.), in 4to, Kiöbenhavn, 1861 Google Scholar.

page 98 note * The Icelanders distinguish the two species of whale as that of the North (North Whale) and that of the South. The last bears on its skin white calcareous crowns, which the other never does. These white crowns are cirrhipedes, which develop and propagate themselves on the back of that marine monster. … Each species of whale has its peculiar cirrhipedes. Some have the Coronula; others the Diadema; and others again the Tubicinella,—the last bury themselves several inches deep into the skin and the fat.

page 99 note * We know that since the historic period many species have abandoned the centre of Europe, and that others have also completely disappeared. … The reindeer and elk have quitted the interior of Europe since the extinction of the mammoths. The Dodo and the Alca impennis have undoubtedly completely disappeared. We are fortunately not altogether certain of the latter. It is believed that the Rythina Stelleri, the singular sirenian of the Behring Sea, is equally lost; but we have had great satisfaction in seeing that the Museum of St. Petersburg has received a complete skeleton. Nordmann, , ‘Paläontologie Sued-Russlands,’ Helsingfors, 1859–1860, p. 328 Google Scholar.

page 99 note † ‘Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences,’ sitting July 12th, 1858.

page 99 note * ‘Sur les Baleines franches du Golfe de Biscaye,’ in Comptes Rendus, 1860. In a letter dated from Copenhagen, Eschricht had the kindness to inform me of the result of his researches on the difference of these two species of whales. “The skeleton of Pampeluna has entirely occupied me,” he wrote on the 18th May. “It is the most curious of any that I have met. It is nearly mounted, and the enormous difference between it and the Mysticetus surpasses all I had expected before my sojourn at Pampeluna. Figure to yourself,” he added, “that it is not more developed than the skeleton of a Mysticetus of less than a year; the ossification of the vertebræ has not advanced beyond the transverse apophyses; and the arches, which are not even united on both sides, are still separated from the body, whilst the vertebral column is as large as that of a Mysticetus of three years and a half.” Eschricht, ‘Développement du questionnaire relatif aux Cétacés,’ in ‘Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux,’ t. xxii., 4me livr.

page 99 note § Van Breda, ‘Eenige Bijsonderheden omtrent den Walrisch die den 5 November 1827 bij Ostende gestrand is,’ in Algemeine Koust en Letterbode, 1827, 2e vol.

Vanderlinden, Bibl. Inéd. Nat. et Etrang., t. v., 1028.—‘Bydragen tot de Naturalische Wetensch.,’ 4de deel, 1829.—Messag. des Sciences, 1329. Bar, Du, ‘Ostéographie de la Balcine,’ Bruxelles, 1828 Google Scholar.

page 100 note * This species comes regularly ashore on the coast of Norway. Near Bergen, they take them every year. Fabricius knew it well in Greenland, but he erred in giving it the name proposed by Linnæus, who did not know the whales. This example shows that it is not always the name of the first author which ought to be preserved. There exists a skeleton of this species in the Royal Museum of Brussels; another, of a young individual stranded at Ostend, is in the Cabinet of the University of Ghent; and a third, from Greenland, formed a long time ago part of the collection of the Catholic University of Louvain.

page 100 note † Bulletin de l'Académie, t. xxiv., No. 3.

page 100 note ‡ ‘Recherches sur la Faune littorale de Belgique (Cétacés).’ Mém. de l'Acad; Roy. de Belgique, t. xxxii.

page 100 note § Comptes Rendus, t. xlvii., July 12, 1858.

page 101 note * du Mortier, B. C., ‘Mêmoire sur le Delphinorhynque microptère échoué à Ostende,’ Bruxelles, 1839, in MémGoogle Scholar. de l'Académie Royale de Bruxelles, t. xii.

page 101 note † Wesmael, Mémoires de l'Académie Royale de Bruxelles, t. xiii., 1840. This skeleton is deposited in the Brussels Museum.

page 101 note ‡ Eschricht, Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, sitting of July 12th, 1858.

page 101 note § In 1189 a whale of extraordinary size was stranded at Blankenherghe; in 1334 the fishermen of Ostend took a marine monster of forty feet in length. But the most extraordinary fact is that in the winter of 1404 eight whales, mostly of seventy feet in length, were thrown on the flat sandy shore near Ostend by a tempestuous sea, and taken nearly all alive. That which appears least doubtful, and here the species is indicated, is that in 1577 and 1598 two potwalls were cast ashore: one in the Scheldt, near Antwerp, and figured by Ambroise Paré; the other at Berchey, in Holland, and described by Clusius, who first figured this animal. He had seen the one stranded at Berchey in 1598, and another at Beverwyck in 1601; the former fifty-three feet long. Albert, on the authority of Cetus, speaks of two cachelots stranded in his time; one in Friesland, the other near Utrecht; and knew the spermaceti, or “blanc de baleine.” The ancients do not mention it, and probably did not know the animal which produced it. Piet Bor makes mention of an infernal monster of eighty feet, stranded on the 1st of May at the Sluysche Gat, and which doubtless belonged also to the cachelots. This calls to my mind a band of thirteen young individuals, if I do not err, which lost themselves some years ago at the eud of the Adriatic, and of which one head is preserved in the Museum of the University of Berlin.

page 101 note * Montanus, Add. ad Histor. Guicciard., p. 150, ed. Amsterdam, 1646, fol.

page 101 note † ‘Délices des Pays-Bas,’ t. iii. p. 15, 2d editGoogle Scholar.

page 101 note ‡ Guicciardini, Descritt. di tutti i Paesi Bassi, fogl. 331, ed. de Plautin, 1588, in-fol.

page 101 note § Ambroise Paré, 25e livre de ses Œuvres.

page 101 note ∥ Clusius in 1605.

page 101 note ¶ Cuvier, Ossem., vol. v. p. 329.

page 101 note ** ‘Nederlandsche Oorlogen,’ 31te boek, fol. 6, 4te deel.

page 102 note * ‘Les Grands et les Petits dans le Temps et dans l'Espace,’ Bull, de l'Acad. Royale de Belgique: 2e série, t. x.

page 102 note † The cetaceans, of which the relics are found in such abundance at Saint-Nicolas, appear to be under these conditions. ‘Ossements Fossiles découverts à Saint-Nicolas en 1859,’ Bull, de l'Acad. Roy. de Belgique, 2e série, t. viii.

page 103 note * Goropius Becanus, ‘Orig. Antwerp.’

page 103 note † ‘Beschreibung einiger neu entdeckten Versteinten.’

page 103 note ‡ Cuvier, , ‘Ossements Fossiles,’ t. v., première partie, p. 352 (4to edit.)Google Scholar.

page 103 note § Hensche and Hagen, ‘Ueher einen auf der kurischen Nehrung bei Nidden gefundenen Knochen,’ Schrift, der Phys. Œcon. Gesells. in Königsberg, Jahr i., Heft ii. He gives a list of the cetaceans stranded in the Baltic, and notices several fossil cetaceans.

page 103 note ∥ Eichwald, , ‘Die Urwelt Russland's,’ St. Petersburg, 1840, livr. Ire, p. 25 Google Scholar; Brandt, Institut, 1843, No. 205 et No. 449. Nordmann, ‘Paläontologie Sued-Russlands.’ The last is in course of publication.

page 103 note ** ‘Stadstrath Hensche,’ loc. cit. page 7.

page 104 note * Bulletins de l'Académie, t. xx., No. 6.

page 104 note † For the title of the principal publications on these singular animals, see the ‘Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,’ 1834; ‘Transactions of the Geological Society of Pennsylvania,’ vol. i., Philadelphia, 1835 Google Scholar; Transact. Geol. Soc. of London, vol. vi.; ‘Comptes Rendus des séances de l'Académie des Sciences,’ Oct. 1838; Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 1845; Carus, Resultäte Geol. Anat. und Zool. Unters, über das unter dem Namen Hydrarchos von Dr. Koch zuerst nach Europa gebrachte grosse fossile Skelett. Dresden, 1847; Blainville, De, ‘Ostéographie,’ 1840, livr. vii. p. 44 Google Scholar; Karsten's und Dechen's Archive, 1812; Ann. Sc. Nat. iii. série, vol. v. 1846; Müller, J., ‘Ueber die fossile Reste der Zeuglodonten von Nord-America,’ in-fol. Berlin, 1849 Google Scholar.

page 105 note * Grateloup, ‘Description d'un fragment de mâchoire fossile d'un genre nouveau de Reptile (Saurien) voisin de l'Iguanodon,’ Bordeaux, 1 Mai, 1840; Actes de l'Acad, des Sc. de Bordeaux, 2e année, 2e trimestre; Blaiuville, De, ‘Ostéographie,’ t. vii. p. 44, 1840 Google Scholar. Passing accidentally through Bordeaux that same year in company with the Viscount Felix de Spoelberch, on returning from a tour in the Pyrenees, I remarked to Dr. Grateloup that the Squalodon, instead of being a reptile or a fish, presented all the characters of a Mammifer allied to the dolphins, and I wrote on this point a letter from Bordeaux to M. de Blainville which the illustrious professor has reproduced in his ‘Ostéographie.’

page 105 note † Ehrlich, , ‘Eilfter Bericht über das Museum Francisco-Carolinum,’ s. 13 Google Scholar; Troschel's Archiv, Jahresbericht, f. 1850, p. 32, Berlin, 1851; Ehrlich, Carl, ‘Ueber die nordöstlichen Alpen,’ Linz, 1850, p. 12 Google Scholar; ‘Geognostiche Wanderungen … Linz,’ 1856, p. 81 Google Scholar; ‘Die geognostische Abtheilung des Museums,’ p. 10; ‘Beiträge zur Paläontologie,’ Linz, 1855, p. 9 Google Scholar.

page 105 note ‡ Gervais, ‘Paléontologie Française.’

page 105 note § Staring, , ‘Versteningen uit den tertiairen leem van Eibergen en Winterswyk in Gelderland,’ Bodem, van Nederland, ii. p. 216 Google Scholar. M. Staring has recently made a re-survey of the localities where bones of the quaternary age have been discovered; Aperçu des Ossements fossiles de l'époque diluvienne, trouvés dans la Néerlande et les contrées voisines; extrait des ‘Bulletins et Comptes Rendus de l'Académie Royale des Sciences,’ vol, xii., Amsterdam, 1861 Google Scholar.

page 107 note * Hermann von Meyer has described this head at Lintz under the name of Balœnodon Lintanus, believing these remains ought to be placed with those which Owen had found in the Crag. But what we do not comprehend is that this learned paleontologist has been able to find more affinity between the Balœndon and the Zeuglodon than between it and the Squalodon. See also Ehrlich, C., ‘Geognostische Wanderungen,’ Linz, 1850, p. 83, pt. ii.-iv.Google Scholar; ‘Beiträge zur Paläontologie,’ Linz, 1855, p. 8 Google Scholar.

page 107 note † von Meyer, H., Servatus, Arionatus, ‘Ein den Delphinen verwandtes Meeres Sängethier,’ N. Jahrb. 1841, p. 315 Google Scholar; ‘Palæontolographica,’ vol. vi., Cassel, 1856–1858, p, 81, pt. viGoogle Scholar

page 108 note * Bull, de l'Acad. des Sc. de Bruxelles.