In the latest number of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society there is a description by Mr. D. Pigeon, F.G.S., of recent discoveries in the submerged Forest of Torbay. The paper is highly interesting, and records many facts, valuable alike to the geologist and archæologist. But the inferences he draws from them in opposition to Mr. Pengelly, though not altogether unchallenged in the discussion of his paper, were not contradicted as emphatically as they might have been. As I take interest in, and have observed signs of upheaval and depression along our coast-line, and believe that scarcely any part of the coast is at rest, I beg leave to protest against this latest of several attempts to show, that remains of forests, now beneath the sea-level, originally grew at the levels they now occupy. We know that it is possible that forests might grow at a lower level than the sea until a protecting dam gave way and they became overwhelmed; but I would ask whether there is any example of such growing anywhere round the coasts of Great Britain to-day, and whether there is anything to lead to the belief that there were, at the epochs of these submerged forests, any physical conditions that rendered it more probable that forests might have grown below high-water mark along the coasts, then than now. To admit that there were, would admit a change of some kind, presumably of level, which is what I maintain. My own idea is that the physiography, of the south coast at least, is entirely opposed to the growth of forests behind dykes below the sea-level, and that the only probable explanation of their present position is a subsidence of the area on which they grew. This seems so self-evident that I should hardly have thought any other view could have been supported. The conclusion I take most particular exception to is this: “That a coast which has remained stationary for the last 2000 years should have made such active use of the preceding twelve or twenty centuries for the purposes of oscillation, is rather hard of belief.” In the first place there is no sort of evidence that the coast was stationary for 2000 years, and in the second, were it so, it would not present any reason to my mind why evidence of the occurrence of oscillations in the 2000 years preceding should be rejected.

The Lambourn river, in Berkshire, which rises from springs in the Chalk hills between Up-Lambourn and Chipping-Lambourn, and receives other springs lower down, has been dry for about six miles between Lambourn and Shefford this winter; and the Winterbourn, a smaller stream, which rises close to the Ford, at Chapel Copse on the Leckhampstead estate, near Chieveley, has also been dry from its source to near Bagnor (nearly four miles), where it joins the Lambourn.

Bibliography, etc.—Phillips's type was evidently a cast from the Kelloway Rock, of Hackness, near Scarborough. I have not been able to identify the original, which was supplied by Bean. The figure, however, plainly shows it to have been a cast of a good-sized discoidal shell, and there are specimens now in the Bean Collection at the British Museum not unlike it.

As introductory to the subject of this paper, some observations made in Ireland on foliation, or the structure induced by metamorphism, with other phenomena connected therewith, will be submitted.

A few years ago I described some remains of Antelopes from the Pliocene Siwaliks of India, when I employed the generic term Antilope in the wide sense in which it was used by the older zoologists and palæontologists. At a later date I was enabled to refer two of the species thus designated to two of the genera of Antelopes as at present classed; and at the same time mentioned some other forms. A recent examination of all the remains of this group from the same deposits contained in the British Museum has enabled me to make a more exact determination in the case of another of the species mentioned in my first notice, and also to indicate the existence of other forms closely allied to existing African Antelopes. These new forms I hope to have an opportunity of describing on a future occasion, and, therefore, now content myself with merely giving a list of the species which I can at present recognize. The ill-defined character of some of the genera of existing Antelopes renders it in many instances a matter of extreme difficulty to be quite sure as to the affinities of their fossil relations.

I venture to submit the subjoined account of the mode of occurrence of gold in certain localities in the Transvaal Gold-field, in the hope that it may prove of interest to some of your readers.

During recent years, much attention has been directed to the importance of the Rhombic Pyroxenes (Enstatites) as rock-forming minerals. In 1879 Prof. Fouqué showed that hypersthene is a common mineral in the Santorin lavas, and in 1883 Mr. Whitman Cross demonstrated that there exists a large and important class of andesites, distinguished by the presence in them of the same mineral hypersthene. Mr. Teall, in the pages of this Magazine, has pointed out that similar lavas exist in this country, which are undoubtedly of pre-Tertiary age; and, now that the attention of geologists has been very generally drawn to the subject, the same rocks have been recognized by many observers in all parts of the globe.

It has given me much satisfaction to see Mr. Harker's criticism of my theory of cleavage, because I think few stronger champions could be found for the older hypothesis. His remarks deserve a reply. I first give Mr. Harker's description of the theory which I have endeavoured to supersede. The changes which have induced cleavage “were ascribed to great lateral compression of the rock in the direction perpendicular to the cleavage-planes, together with some expansion along those planes in the line of their dip.” And, although he has not incorrectly described my theory, I prefer to restate it in the words I used at the end of my paper on “Faulting, Jointing, and Cleavage.” The internal movement, which has produced cleavage, “would have been accomplished by faulting, had not the friction been too great, owing to pressure, to allow of sliding along surfaces of separation. Viscous shearing therefore performed the office and produced cleavage surfaces.”