Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T13:41:17.618Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Progressive development of the Büyük Menderes Graben based on new data, western Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2009

ÖMER FEYZİ GÜRER ,
NURAN SARICA-FILOREAU ,
MUZAFFER ÖZBURAN ,
ERCAN SANGU  and
BÜLENT DOĞAN
ÖMER FEYZİ GÜRER*
Affiliation:
Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
NURAN SARICA-FILOREAU
Affiliation:
Prof. Dr. Hıfzı Özcan Cad. Adalet sitesi C Block D.20 Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey
MUZAFFER ÖZBURAN
Affiliation:
Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
ERCAN SANGU
Affiliation:
Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
BÜLENT DOĞAN
Affiliation:
Kocaeli University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Geological Engineering, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
*
†Author for correspondence: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Oblique and normal fault systems exposed in the Büyük Menderes Graben (BMG) region record two successive and independent complex tectonic events. The first group tectonic event is defined by an E–W extension related to N–S contraction and transpression. This group is responsible for the development of NW- and NE-trending conjugate pairs of oblique faults which controlled Early–Middle Miocene basin formation. Between the Early–Middle Miocene and Plio-Quaternary strata exists an unconformity, indicating a period of folding, uplift and severe erosion associated with N–S shortening. The second group of events was the change in tectonic regime from E–W extension to N–S extension which controlled the formation of the Büyük Menderes Graben by three progressive pulses of deformation. The first pulse of extensional deformation was initially recorded in the region by the exhumation of the deep part of the Menderes Massif (MM) with the development of the E-trending Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault (BMDF). The minimum age of this pulse is constrained by the older Plio-Quaternary fluviatile deposits of the Büyük Menderes Graben that range in age from the Plio-Pleistocene boundary interval to Late Pleistocene. The second pulse, which is marked by the rapid deposition of alluvial deposits, initiated the formation of approximately E–W-trending high-angle normal faults synthetic and antithetic to the Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault, on the northern margin during Holocene times. These faults are interpreted as secondary steeper listric faults that merge with the main Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault at depth. The third pulse was the migration of the Büyük Menderes Graben depocentre to the present day position by diachronous activity of secondary steeper listric faults. These steeper faults are the most seismically active tectonic elements in western Turkey. According to the stratigraphic and structural data, the N–S extension in the Büyük Menderes Graben region produced a progressive deformation phase with different pulses during its Plio-Quaternary evolution, with migration of deformation from the master fault to the hangingwall. The formation of diachronous secondary synthetic and antithetic steeper faults on the upper plate of the Büyük Menderes Detachment Fault, hence the southward migration of the deformation and of the Büyük Menderes Graben depocentre, should be related to the evolution of detachment in the region. The presence of the seismically active splays of secondary faults implies an active detachment system in the region. This young Plio-Quaternary N–S extension in the Büyük Menderes Graben may be attributed to the combined effects of the two continuing processes in Aegean region. The first process is back-arc spreading or probably the roll-back of African slab below the south Aegean Arc, which seems to be responsible for the change in the stress tensor from E–W extension to N–S extension. The second and later event is the southwestward escape of the Anatolian block along its boundary fault, that is, the North Anatolian fault (NAF).

Keywords

Büyük Menderes Grabendetachment faultLate Pliocene–Pleistocenecontinental extension
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 146 , Issue 5 , September 2009 , pp. 652 - 673
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akgün, F. & Akyol, E. 1999. Palynostratigraphy of the coal bearing Neogene deposits in Büyük Menderes Graben, western Anatolia. Geobios 32, 367–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunel, E. 1999. Geological and geomorphological observations in relation to the 20 September 1899 Menderes earthquake, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 241–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altunkaynak, Ş. & Yilmaz, Y. 1998. The mount Kozak magmatic complex, western Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85, 211–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambraseys, N. N. 1971. Value of historical records of earthquakes. Nature 232, 375–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angelier, J. 1979. Determination of the mean principal directions of stresses for a given fault population. Tectonophysics 56, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelier, J. 1990. Inversion of field data in fault tectonics to obtain the regional stress. III. A new rapid direct inversion method by analytical means. Geophysical Journal International 103, 363–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angelier, J. 1994. Fault slip analysis and palaeostress reconstruction. In Continental Deformation (ed. Hancock, P. L.), pp. 53–100. London: Oxford Press.Google Scholar
Angelier, J., Dumont, J. F., Karamanderesi, H., Poisson, A., Şimşek, Ş. & Uysal, Ş. 1981. Analyses of fault mechanisms and expansion of southwestern Anatolia since the Late Miocene. Tectonophysics 75, T1–T9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Armijo, R., Flerit, F., King, G. & Meyer, B. 2003. Linear elastic fracture mechanics explains the past and present evolution of the Aegean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 217, 85–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avigad, D., Garfunkel, Z., Jolivet, L. & Azanòn, J. M. 1997. Back-arc extension and denudation of Mediterranean eclogites. Tectonics 16, 924–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barka, A. A. & Kadinsky-Cade, K. 1988. Strike-slip fault geometry in Turkey and its influence on earthquake activity. Tectonics 7, 663–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonev, N., Burg, J. P. & Ivanov, Z. 2006. Mesozoic–Tertiary structural evolution of an extensional gneiss dome – the Kesebir–Kardamos dome, eastern Rhodope (Bulgaria–Greece). International Journal of Earth Sciences 95, 318–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkurt, E. 2000. Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. In Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area (eds Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. D. A.), pp. 385–403. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 173.Google Scholar
Bozkurt, E. 2001. Late Alpine evolution of the central Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 728–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkurt, E. 2003. Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 16, 61–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkurt, E. 2004. Granitoid rocks of the southern Menderes Massif (southwestern Turkey): field evidence for Tertiary magmatism in an extensional shear zone. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93, 52–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkurt, E. & Mittwede, S. K. 2005. Introduction: Evolution of continental extensional tectonics of western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 153–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkurt, E. & Park, R. G. 1994. Southern Menderes massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 151, 213–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkurt, E. & Rojay, B. 2005. Plio-Quaternary evolution of the Küçük Menderes Graben Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18, 299–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozkurt, E. & Sözbılır, H. 2004. Geology of the Gediz Graben: new field evidence and tectonic significance. Geological Magazine 141, 63–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Candan, O. 1995. Relicts of granulite-facies metamorphism in the Menderes massif. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 4, 35–55.Google Scholar
Casciello, E., Cesarano, M. & Pappone, G. 2006. Extensional detachment faulting on the Tyrrhenian margin of the Southern Apennines contractional belt (Italy). Journal of Geological Society, London 163, 671–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çıftçı, N. B. & Bozkurt, E. 2008. Folding of the Gediz Graben fill, SW Turkey: extensional and/or contractional origin? Geodinamica Acta 21, 145–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cıhan, M., Saraç, G & Gökçe, O. 2003. Insights into biaxial extensional tectonics: an example from the Sandıklı Graben, West Anatolia, Turkey. Geological Journal 38, 47–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, H. A., Dart, C., Akyüz, H. S. & Barka, A. 1995. Syn-rift sedimentation and structural development of the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 629–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham, D. 2005. Active intracontinental transpressional mountain building in the Mongolian Altai: defining a new class of orogen. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 240, 436–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dart, C., Cohen, H. A., Akyüz, H. S. & Barka, A. 1995. Basinward Migration of Rift-Border Faults – Implications for Facies Distributions and Preservation Potential. Geology 23, 69–72.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. F. 1988. Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics 6, 1123–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. F. & Şengör, A. M. C. 1979. Aegean and surrounding regions: Complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin 90, 84–92.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinter, D. A. & Royden, L. 1993. Late Cenozoic Extension in Northeastern Greece–Strymon Valley Detachment System and Rhodope Metamorphic Core Complex. Geology 21, 45–8.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emre, T. & Sözbılır, H. 1997. Field evidence for metamorphic core complex, detachment faulting and accomodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes Grabens, western Anatolia. Proceedings IESCA 1995 1, 73–94.Google Scholar
Eyıdoğan, H. & Jackson, J. 1985. A seismological study of normal faulting in the Demirci, Alaşehir and Gediz earthquakes of 1969–1970 in western Turkey: Implications for the nature and geometry of deformation in continental crust. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 81, 569–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flecker, R., Kopf, A. & Jurado, M. J. 1998. Fracture analysis of recovered core and FMS data: an interpretation of the structural history of the pre-Pliocene of the Eratosthenes Seamount (965, 966, 967). Proceedings of the ODP, Scientific Results 160, 517–26.Google Scholar
Flerit, F., Armijo, R., King, G. & Meyer, B. 2004. The mechanical interaction between the propagating North Anatolian Fault and the back-arc extension in the Aegean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 224, 347–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gautier, P. & Brun, J. P. 1994. Ductile Crust Exhumation and Extensional Detachments in the Central Aegean (Cyclades and Evvia Islands). Geodinamica Acta 7, 57–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genç, Ş. C., Altunkaynak, Ş., Karacik, Z., Yazman, M. & Yilmaz, Y. 2001. The Çubukludağ graben, south of İzmir: its tectonic significance in the Neogene geological evolution of the western Anatolia. Geodinamica Acta 14, 45–55.Google Scholar
Genç, Ş. C. & Yilmaz, Y. 2000. Aliağa dolaylarının jeolojisi ve genç tektoniği. Batı Anadolu'nun Depremselliği Sempozyumu (BADSEM), İzmir, Bildiriler, 152–9.Google Scholar
Gessner, K., Ring, U., Christopher, J., Hetzel, R., Passchier, C. W. & Güngör, T. 2001. An active bivergent rolling-hinge detachment system: Central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey. Geology 29, 611–14.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glodny, J. & Hetzel, R. 2007. Precise U–Pb ages of syn-extensional Miocene intrusions in the central Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Geological Magazine 144, 235–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glover, C. & Robertson, A. 1998. Neotectonic intersection of the Aegean and Cyprus tectonic arcs: extensional and strike-slip faulting in the Isparta Angle, SW Turkey. Tectonophysics 298, 103–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldsworthy, M. & Jackson, J. 2001. Migration of activity within normal fault systems: examples from the Quaternary of mainland Greece. Journal of Structural Geology 23, 489–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görür, N., Şengör, A. M. C., Sakinç, M., Tüysüz, O., Akkök, R., Yığıtbaş, E., Oktay, F. Y., Barka, A., Sarica, N., Ecevıtoğlu, B., Demırbağ, E., Ersoy, Ş., Algan, O., Güneysu, C. & Aykol, A. 1995. Rift formation in the Gökova region, southwest Anatolia: implications for the opening of the Aegean Sea. Geological Magazine 132, 637–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graciansky, P. de, Lemonie, M., Lys, M. & Sigal, J. 1967. Güney Anadolu silsilesinin (Fethiye kuzeyi) batı ucundaki Üst Paleozoik ve Mesozoikte stratigrafik bir kesit. M. T. A. Dergisi 69, 10–33. Ankara.Google Scholar
Gürer, A., Gürer, Ö. F., Pınçe, A. & İlkişik, O. M. 2001. Conductivity Structure along the Gediz Graben, West Anatolia, Turkey: Tectonic Implications. International Geology Review 43, 1129–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürer, A., Pinçe, A., Gürer, Ö. F. & İlkişik, O. M. 2002. Resistivity distribution in the Gediz graben and its implications for crustal structure. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 15–25.Google Scholar
Gürer, Ö. F., Bozcu, M., Yilmaz, K. & Yilmaz, Y. 2001. Neogene basin development around Söke-Kuşadası (western Anatolia) and its bearing on tectonic development of the Aegean region. Geodinamica Acta 14, 57–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürer, Ö. F., Kaymakçi, N., Çakir, S. & Özburan, M. 2003. Neotectonics of the southeast Marmara region, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, 1041–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürer, Ö. F., Sanğu, E. & Özburan, M. 2006. Neotectonics of the SW Marmara region, NW Anatolia, Turkey. Geological Magazine 143, 229–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gürer, Ö. F. & Yilmaz, Y. 2002. Geology of the Ören and surrounding areas, SW Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 11, 1–15.Google Scholar
Hayward, A. B. 1984. Miocene clastic sedimentation related to the emplacement of the Lycian Nappes and the Antalya Complex, SW Turkey. In The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean (eds Dixon, J. E. & Robertson, A. H. F.), pp. 287–301. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 17.Google Scholar
Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C. & Troesch, M. 1995. Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes massif, Southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 639–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, J. P., Cunningham, W. D. & Davies, S. J. 2006. Competing processes of clastic deposition and compartmentalized inversion in an actively evolving transpressional basin, western Mongolia. Journal of the Geological Society, London 163, 657–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Işik, V., Seyıtoğlu, G. & Çemen, I. 2003. Ductile–brittle transition along the Alasehir detachment fault and its structural relationship with the Simav detachment fault, Menderes massif, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 374, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Işik, V. & Tekelı, O. 2001. Late orogenic crustal extension in the northern Menderes Massif (western Turkey): evidence for metamorphic core complex formation. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 757–65.Google Scholar
Jackson, J. 1994. Active tectonics of the Aegean region. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22, 239–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. & McKenzie, D. 1988. The relationship between plate motions and seismic moment tensors and rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Geophysical Journal 93, 45–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolivet, J., Faccenna, C., Goffe, B., Mattei, M., Rossetti, F., Brunet, C., Storti, F., Funiciello, R., Cadet, J.-P., D'Agostino, N. & Parra, T. 1998. Midcrustal shear zones in post-orogenic extension: example from the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research 103, 12123–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jolivet, L. 2001. A comparison of geodetic and finite strain pattern in the Aegean, geodynamic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 187, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karacik, Z. & Yilmaz, Y. 1998. Geology of the ignimbrites and the associated volcano-plutonic complex of the Ezine are, northwestern Anatolia. Journal Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85 (1–4), 251–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaya, O., Ünay, E., Saraç, G., Eichhorn, S., Hassenrück, S., Knappe, A., Pekdeğer, A. & Mayda, S. 2004. Halitpaşa transpressive zone: implications for an Early Pliocene compressional phase in central western Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 1–13.Google Scholar
Kaymakçi, N. 2006. Kinematic development and paleostress analysis of Denizli basin (W Turkey): implications of spatial variation of relative paleostress magnitudes and orientations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 207–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kellogg, K. S. & Minor, S. A. 2005. Pliocene transpressional modification of depositional basins by convergent thrusting adjacent to the “Big Bend” of the San Andreas fault: An example from Lockwood Valley, southern California. Tectonics 24 (1), doi:10.1029/2003TC001610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kissel, C. & Laj, C. 1988. Tertiary geodynamical evolution of the Aegean arc: a palaeomagnetic reconstruction. Tectonophysics 146, 183–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koçyığıt, A. 1977. Karaman-Ermenek Arasındaki Bölgenin Tektoniği. Türkiye Jeoloji Kur. Bülteni 20 (1), 1–8.Google Scholar
Koçyığıt, A. 2005. The Denizli graben–horst system and the eastern limit of western Anatolian continental extension: basin fill, structure, deformational mode, throw amount and episodic evolutionary history, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 18 (3–4), 167–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koçyığıt, A. & Devecı, Ş. 2007. A N–S-trending Active Extensional Structure, the Şuhut (Afyon) Graben: Commencement Age of the Extensional Neotectonic Period in the Isparta Angle, SW Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 391–416.Google Scholar
Koçyığıt, A., Yusufoğlu, H. & Bozkurt, E. 1999. Evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 605–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornsawan, A. & Morley, C. K. 2002. The origin and evolution of complex transfer zones (graben shifts) in conjugate fault systems around the Funan Field, Pattani basin, Gulf of Thailand. Journal of Structural Geology 24, 435–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LePichon, X. & Angelier, J. 1979. The Hellenic arc and trench system: A key to the neotectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics 60, 1–42.Google Scholar
Le Pichon, X. & Angelier, J. 1981. The Aegean Sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 300, 357–72.Google Scholar
Lips, A. L. W., Cassard, D., Sözbılır, H., Yilmaz, H. & Wijbrans, J. R. 2001. Multistage exhumation of the Menderes massif, western Anatolia (Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 781–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lister, G. S., Banga, G. & Feenstra, A. 1984. Metamorphic core complexes of the Cordilleran type in the Cyclades, Aegean Sea. Geology 12, 221–5.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucchitta, I. & Suneson, N. H. 1993. Dips and Extension. Geological Society of America Bulletin 105, 1346–56.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClusky, S., Balassania, S., Barka, A., Demır, C., Ergıntav, S., Georgiev, I., Gürkan, O., Hamburger, M., Hurst, K., Kalhe, H., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R., Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, A., Adariya, M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M., Reilinger, R., Sanli, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Toksöz, M. N. & Veis, G. 2000. Global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus. Journal of Geophysical Research 105, 5695–719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, D. 1978. Active tectonics of the Alpine–Himalayan belt: the Aegean Sea and surrounding regions. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 55, 217–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meulenkamp, J. E., Wortel, W. J. R., Van Wamel, W. A., Spakman, W. & Hoogerduyn Strating, E. 1988. On the Hellenic subduction zone and geodynamic evolution of Crete in the late Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics 146, 203–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, C. K., Woganan, N., Sankumarn, N., Hoon, T. B., Alief, A. & Simmons, M. 2001. Late Oligocene–Recent stress evolution in rift basins of Northern and Central Thailand: Implications for escape tectonics. Tectonophysics 334, 115–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, A. I. 1989. Tectonic units and sutures in the Pontides, northern Turkey. In Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region (ed. Şengör, A. M. C.), pp. 109–16. Kluwer Academic Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okay, A. I. & Satir, M. 2000. Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey. Geological Magazine 137, 495–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paton, S. 1992. Active normal faulting, drainage patterns and sedimentation in southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 1031–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purvis, M. & Robertson, A. 2004. A pulsed extension model for the Neogene–Recent E–W-trending Alaşehir Graben and the NE–SW-trending Selendi and Gördes Basins, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 391, 171–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purvis, M. & Robertson, A. 2005. Sedimentation of the Neogene–Recent Alaşehir (Gediz) continental graben system used to test alternative tectonic models for western (Aegean) Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 173, 373–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R. & Gessner, K. 2003. Tectonic denudation of a Late Cretaceous–Tertiary collisional belt: regionally symmetric cooling patterns and their relation to extensional faults in the Anatolide belt of western Turkey. Geological Magazine 140, 421–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sari, C. & Şalk, M. 2006. Sediment thicknesses of the western Anatolia graben structures determined by 2D and 3D analysis using gravity data. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26, 39–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarica, N. 2000. The Plio-Pleistocene age of Büyük Menderes and Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N–S extensional tectonics in West Anatolia: mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal 35, 1–24.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satir, M. & Friedrichsen, H. 1986. The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, W Turkey: A rubidium/strontium and oxygen isotope study. Geologische Rundschau 75, 703–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuiling, R. D. 1962. On petrology, age and structure of the Menderes migmatite complex (SW-Turkey). Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration Institute Turkey 58, 71–84.Google Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C. 1982. Effects controlling the Neotectonic activity in Aegean region. Bat Anadolu'nun genç tektoniği ve volkanizması paneli. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı, 59–71 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C. 1987. Cross faults and differential stretching in their hanging walls in regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from western Turkey. In Continental extensional tectonics (eds Coward, M. J., Dewey, J. F. & Hancock, P. L.), pp. 575–89. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 28.Google Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C., Görür, N. & Şaroğlu, F. 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. In Strike-slip deformation, basin formation and sedimentation (eds Biddle, K. T. & Christie-Blick, N.), pp. 227–64. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication no. 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C., Tüysüz, O., İmren, C., Sakinç, M., Eyıdoğan, H., Görür, N., Le Pichon, X. & Rangin, C. 2005. The North Anatolian Fault: A New Look. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33, 37–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Şengör, A. M. C. & Yilmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyıtoğlu, G., Çemen, I. & Tekelı, O. 2002. Discussion on the extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz) Graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 159, 105–9.Google Scholar
Seyıtoğlu, G., Işik, V. & Çemen, I. 2004. Complete Tertiary exhumation history of the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: an alternative working hypothesis. Terra Nova 16, 358–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyıtoğlu, G. & Scott, B. 1991. Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey. Geological Magazine 128, 155–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyıtoğlu, G. & Scott, B. 1992. The age of the Büyük Menderes graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Magazine 129, 239–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyıtoğlu, G. & Scott, B. 1996. Age of the Alaşehir graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Journal 31, 1–11.3.0.CO;2-S>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyıtoğlu, G., Scott, B. C. & Rundle, C. C. 1992. Timing of Cenozoic extensional tectonics in west Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 533–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skarpelis, N., Tsikouras, B. & Pe-Piper, G. 2008. The Miocene igneous rocks in the basal unit of Lavrion (SE Attica, Greece): petrology and geodynamic implications. Geological Magazine 145, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sokoutis, D., Brun, J. P., Vandendriessche, J. & Pavlides, S. 1993. A major Oligo-Miocene detachment in southern Rhodope controlling north Aegean extension. Journal of the Geological Society, London 150, 243–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorel, D. 2000. A Pleistocene and Still-Active Detachment Fault and the Origin of the Corinth-Patras Rift, Greece. Geology 28, 83–6.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taymaz, T., Jackson, J. & McKenzie, D. 1991. Active Tectonics of the North and Central Aegean Sea. Geophysical Journal International 106, 433–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ten Veen, J. H. & Kleinspehn, K. L. 2003. Incipient continental collision and plate-boundary curvature: Late Pliocene–Holocene transtensional Hellenic forearc, Crete, Greece. Journal of the Geological Society, London 160, 161–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ten Veen, J. H. & Postma, G. 1999. Roll-back controlled vertical movements of outer-arc basins of the Hellenic subduction zone (Crete, Greece). Basin Research 11, 243–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, S. N., Stöckhert, B. & Brix, M. R. 1998. Thermochronology of the high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Crete, Greece: implications for the speed of tectonic processes. Geology 26, 259–62.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ünay, E. & De Bruijn, H. 1998. Plio-Pleistocene rodents and lagomorphs from Anatolia. The Dawn of the Quaternary. Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowettenschappen 60, 431–67.Google Scholar
Ünay, E. & Göktaş, F. 1999. Late Early Miocene and Quaternary small mammals in the surroundings of Söke (Aydın): Preliminary results. Geological Bulletin of Turkey 42, 99–113.Google Scholar
Ünay, E., Göktaş, F., Hakyemez, M. & Şan, Ö. 1995. Dating the sediments exposed at the northern part of the Büyük Menderes graben (Turkey) on the basis of Arvicolidae (Rodentia, Mammalia). Geological Bulletin of Turkey 38, 63–68.Google Scholar
Westaway, R. 2003. Kinematics of the Middle East and the Eastern Mediterranean updated. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 12, 5–46.Google Scholar
Westaway, R. 2006. Cenozoic cooling histories in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey, may be caused by erosion and flat subduction, not low-angle normal faulting. Tectonophysics 412, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yilmaz, Y., Genç, Ş. C., Gürer, Ö. F., Bozcu, M., Yilmaz, K., Karacik, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş. & Elmas, A. 2000. When did the western Anatolian grabens begin to develop? In Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area (eds Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. D. A.), pp. 353–84. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 173.Google Scholar
Yilmaz, Y. & Karacik, Z. 2001. Geology of the northern side of the Gulf of Edremit and its tectonic significance for the development of the Aegean grabens. Geodinamica Acta 14, 31–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar