Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T15:29:38.763Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Petrogenesis of a rare Ediacaran tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite suite, Egypt, and implications for Neoproterozoic Gondwana assembly

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2020

Abdel-Fattah M Abdel-Rahman Open the ORCID record for Abdel-Fattah M Abdel-Rahman [Opens in a new window]
Abdel-Fattah M Abdel-Rahman*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, American University of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236, Bliss Street, Beirut, Lebanon
*
Author for correspondence: Abdel-Fattah M. Abdel-Rahman, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Most tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suites are Archean–Palaeoproterozoic in age, but those of Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic age are scarce. A rare Ediacaran high-Al TTG suite has been identified at the Fannani Igneous Complex (FIC) in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield, which is essentially composed of amalgamated Neoproterozoic island-arc Pan-African composite terranes that contain several ophiolitic sutures. The FIC exhibits a wide range of SiO2, Al2O3, Sr and Zr, shows moderate rare earth element (REE) enrichment, and K, Ti, Nb, Y and heavy REE depletion. It is a subsolvus suite with clear orogenic affinities and strong arc-geochemical signatures. The precise U–Pb zircon thermal ionization mass spectrometry age obtained (607.4 ± 1.95 Ma) indicates oceanic subduction extended to late stages of the East African Orogeny. The FIC exhibits 87Sr/86Sr compositions of 0.70346–0.71091 (Sr(i) ratio, 0.70284), and 143Nd/144Nd of 0.51254–0.51270 (ϵNd(t) = +5.12 to +7.16), typical of modern oceanic-arc rocks (as Japan-arc basalts), and suggestive of mantle sources and island-arc settings. The FIC possesses low values of Yb (1.55 ppm), Nb (14 ppm) and Y (24 ppm), and high ratios of Sr/Y (27), Zr/Sm (46) and Nb/Ta (11.8), typical of magmas produced by anatexis of a basaltic slab. Partial melting models show that the FIC magma was generated by melting (F = 0.25–0.50) of a subducted oceanic crust transformed into eclogite, leaving 10–25% garnet in the residue. The FIC and similar complexes produced via slab melting during the closure of the Mozambique Ocean formed large juvenile belts along the East African Orogen that sutured East and West Gondwana together into a united supercontinent.

Keywords

Ediacaran TTG from EgyptSr–Nd isotope geochemistryU–Pb zircon TIMS agepetrogenesisGondwana assembly
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 158 , Issue 4 , April 2021 , pp. 701 - 722
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdel-Rahman, AM (1990) Petrogenesis of early-orogenic diorites, tonalities and post-orogenic trondhjemites in the Nubian Shield. Journal of Petrology 31, 1285–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM (1995) Tectonic-magmatic stages of shield evolution: the Pan-African belt in northeastern Egypt. Tectonophysics 242, 223–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM (1996) Pan African volcanism: petrology and geochemistry of the Dokhan Volcanic Suite in the northern Nubian shield. Geological Magazine 133, 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM (2006) Petrogenesis of anorogenic peralkaline granitic complexes from eastern Egypt. Mineralogical Magazine 70, 27–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM (2010) Nature of feldspars in felsic plutonic complexes from northeastern Egypt: implications for the evolution of orogenic and anorogenic magmas. Neues Jahrbuch Für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 257, 147–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM (2016) Mineralogy of the Neoproterozoic epidote-bearing TTG suite, Mons Claudianus batholith (Egypt) and implications for synorogenic magmatism. Mineralogical Magazine 80, 1291–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM (2019) Geochemistry, age and origin of the Mons Claudianus TTG batholith (Egypt): insight into the role of Pan-African magmatism in uniting plates of Gondwana. Geological Magazine 156, 969–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM and Doig, R (1987) The Rb-Sr geochronological evolution of the Ras Gharib segment of the northern Nubian shield. Journal of the Geological Society of London 144, 577–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM and El-Kibbi, MM (2001) Anorogenic magmatism: chemical evolution of the Mount El-Sibai A-type complex (Egypt), and implications for the origin of within-plate felsic magmas. Geological Magazine 138, 67–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, AM and Martin, RF (1987) Late Pan-African magmatism and crustal development in northeastern Egypt. Geological Journal 22, 281–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdel-Rahman, Y, Polat, A, Dilek, Y, Fryer, BJ, El-Sharkawy, M and Sakran, S (2009) Geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Neoproterozoic incipient arc-forearc crust in the Fawakhir area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Precambrian Research 175, 116–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abu El-Enen, MM and Whitehouse, MJ (2013) The Feiran-Solaf Metamorphic Complex, Sinai, Egypt: geochronological and geochemical constraints on its evolution. Precambrian Research 239, 106–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akaad, MK and Noweir, AM (1969) Lithostratigraphy of the Hammamat - Um Seleimat district, Eastern Desert, Egypt. Nature 223, 284–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akaad, MK and Shazly, AG (1972) Description and petrography of the Meatiq Group. Annals Geological Survey of Egypt 2, 215–38.Google Scholar
Akaad, MK and Shazly, AG (1975) Lithostratigraphy of the Abu Ziran area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Egypt, Cairo: Geological Society of Egypt, Abstract 13, pp. 23.Google Scholar
Ali, KA, Azer, MK, Gahlan, HA, Wilde, SA, Samuel, MD and Stern, RJ (2010) Age constraints on the formation and emplacement of Neoproterozoic ophiolites along the Allaqi–Heiani Suture, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. Gondwana Research 18, 583–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allégre, CJ, Hart, SR and Minster, JF (1983) Chemical structure and evolution of the mantle and continents determined by inversion of Nd and Sr isotope data, II. Numerical experiments and discussion. Earth Planetary Science Letters 37, 191–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, JAC, Dall’Agnol, R, Oliveira, MA, Macambirab, MJB, Pimenteld, MM, Rämöe, OT, Guimarãesa, FV and Leite, AAS (2011) Zircon geochronology, geochemistry and origin of the TTG suites of the Rio Maria granite-greenstone terrane: implications for the growth of the Archean crust of the Carajás province, Brazil. Precambrian Research 187, 201–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almeida, JAC, Dall’Agnol, R and Rocha, MC (2017) Tonalite–trondhjemite and leucogranodiorite–granite suites from the Rio Maria domain, Carajas Province, Brazil: implications for discrimination and origin of the Archean Na-granitoids. Canadian Mineralogist 55, 437–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andresen, A, Augland, LE, Boghdady, GY, Lundmark, AM, Elnady, OM, Hassan, MA and Abu El-Rus, MA (2010) Structural constraints on the evolution of the Meatiq Gneiss Dome (Egypt), East-African Orogen. Journal of African Earth Sciences 57, 413–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andresen, A, El-Rus, MMA, Myhre, PI, Boghdady, GY and Corfu, F (2009) U–Pb TIMS age constraints on the evolution of the Neoproterozoic Meatiq Gneiss Dome, Eastern Desert, Egypt. International Journal of Earth Sciences 98, 481–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atherton, MP, McCourt, WJ, Sanderson, LM and Taylor, WP (1979) The geochemical character of the segmented Peruvian Coastal batholith and associated volcanics. In Origin of Granite Batholiths: Geochemical Evidence (eds Atherton, MP and Tarney, J), pp. 45–64. Cheshire, UK: Shiva.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, F (1979) Trondhjemite: definition, environment and hypothesis of origin. In Trondhjemites, Dacites and Related Rocks (ed. Barker, F), pp. 1–12. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Barker, F and Arth, JG (1976) Generation of trondhjemitic-tonalitic liquids and Archean bimodal trondhjemite basalt suites. Geology 4, 596–600.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, F, Peterman, ZE and Friedman, L (1976) The 1.7 to 1.8 b.y. old trondhjemites of southwestern Colorado and northern New Mexico: geochemistry and depths of genesis. Geological Society of America Bulletin 87, 189–98.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, SM, White, CE and Culshaw, NG (2001) Geology and tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic granitoid suite in the Island Harbour Bay area, Makkovick Province, Labrador. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, 441–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bea, F, Abu-Anbar, M, Montero, P, Peres, P and Talavera, C (2009) The ~844Ma Moneiga quartz-diorites of the Sinai, Egypt: evidence for Andean-type arc or rift-related magmatism in the Arabian-Nubian Shield? Precambrian Research 175, 161–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bédard, JH (2003) Evidence for regional-scale, pluton-driven, high-grade metamorphism in the Archean Minto Block, northern Superior Province, Canada. Journal of Geology 111, 183–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bédard, JH (2006) A catalytic delamination-driven model for coupled genesis of Archaean crust and sub-continental lithospheric mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 1188–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Be’eri-Shlevin, Y, Katzir, Y and Whitehouse, M (2009) Post-collisional tectonomagmatic evolution in the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS): time constraints from ion-probe U-Pb dating of zircon. Journal of Geological Society of London 166, 71–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Be’eri-Shlevin, Y, Samuel, MD, Azer, MK, Ramo, OT, Whitehouse, MJ and Moussa, HE (2011) The Ediacaran Ferani and Rutig volcano-sedimentary successions of the northernmost Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS): new insights from zircon U–Pb geochronology, geochemistry and O–Nd isotope ratios. Precambrian Research 188, 21–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentor, YK (1985) The crustal evolution of the Arabian–Nubian Massif with special reference to the Sinai Peninsula. Precambrian Research 28, 1–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berhe, SM (1990) Ophiolites in Northeast and East Africa: implications for Proterozoic crustal growth. Journal of the Geological Society of London 147, 41–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blasband, B, White, S, Broijmans, P, De Boorder, H and Visser, W (2000) Late Proterozoic extensional collapse in the Arabian-Nubian shield. Journal of the Geological Society of London 157, 615–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillo, PR (2006) An overview of adakite petrogenesis. Chinese Science Bulletin 51, 257–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillo, PR (2008) The origin of the adakite – high-Nb basalt association and its implications for post-subduction magmatism in Baja California, Mexico. Geological Society of America Bulletin 120, 451–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillo, PR (2012) Adakite petrogenesis. Lithos 134–135, 304–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, WR (1988) Ophiolites, sutures, and micro-plates of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: a critical comment. In The Pan-African Belt of Northeast Africa and Adjacent Areas (eds El Gaby, S and Greiling, RO), pp. 289–316. Braunschweig/Wiesbaden: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn.Google Scholar
Coleman, RG and Peterman, ZE (1975) Oceanic plagiogranite. Journal of Geophysical Research 80, 1099–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condie, KC (1998) Episodic continental growth and supercontinents: a mantle avalanche connection? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163, 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condie, KC (2005) TTGs and adakites: are they both slab melts? Lithos, 80, 33–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condon, DJ, Schoene, B, McLean, NM, Bowring, SA and Parrish, RR (2015) Metrology and traceability of U–Pb isotope dilution geochronology (EARTHTIME Tracer Calibration Part I). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 164, 464–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cox, GM, Foden, J and Collins, AS (2019) Late Neoproterozoic adakitic magmatism of the eastern Arabian Nubian Shield. Geoscience Frontiers 10, 1981–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlquist, JA (2001) REE fractionation by accessory minerals in epidote-bearing metaluminous granitoids from the Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina. Mineralogical Magazine 65, 463–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Defant, MJ and Drummond, MS (1990) Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted. Nature 367, 662–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doebrich, JL, Al-Jehani, AM, Siddiqui, AA, Hayes, TS, Wooden, JL and Johnson, PR (2007) Geology and metallogeny of the Ar Rayn terrane eastern Arabian shield: evolution of a Neoproterozoic continental-margin arc during assembly of Gondwana within the East African orogen. Precambrian Research 158, 17–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drummond, MS and Defant, MJ (1990) A model for trondhjemite–tonalite–dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archaean to modern comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 21503–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Bialy, MZ (2013) Geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic metasediments formation, Kid metamorphic complex, Sinai, Egypt: implications for source-area weathering, provenance, recycling and depositional tectonic setting. Lithos 175, 68–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Gaby, S (1976) The Meatiq gneissose granite. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Egypt, Cairo: Geological Society of Egypt, Abstract 14, pp 31.Google Scholar
El-Gaby, S, El-Nady, O and Khudeir, A (1984) Tectonic evolution of the basement complex in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. Geologische Rundschau 73, 1019–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Gaby, S, List, FK and Tehrani, R (1988) Geology, evolution and metallogenesis of the Pan-African Belt in Egypt. In The Pan-African Belt of Northeast Africa and Adjacent Areas (eds El Gaby, S and Greiling, RO), pp. 17–68. Braunschweig/Wiesbaden: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn. Google Scholar
El-Gaby, S, List, FK and Tehrani, R (1990) The basement complex of the Eastern Desert and Sinai. In The Geology of Egypt (ed. Said, R), pp 175–184. Rotterdam: Balkema.Google Scholar
Elisha, B, Katzir, Y, Kylander-Clark, A, Golan, T and Coble, MA (2019) The timing of migmatization in the northern Arabian–Nubian Shield: evidence for a juvenile sedimentary component in collision-related batholiths. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 37, 591–610.Google Scholar
Elisha, B, Kylander-Clark, A and Katzir, Y (2017) Ediacaran (~620 Ma) high-grade regional metamorphism in the northern Arabian Nubian Shield: U-Th-Pb monazite ages of the Elat schist. Precambrian Research 295, 172–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eliwa, HA, Kimura, JI and Itaya, T (2006) Late Neoproterozoic Dokhan Volcanics, North Eastern Desert, Egypt: geochemistry and petrogenesis. Precambrian Research 151, 31–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Ramly, MF (1972) A new geological map for the basement rocks in the Eastern and South-Western Desert of Egypt. Annals of the Geological Survey of Egypt 2, 1–18.Google Scholar
El-Ramly, MF, Greiling, RO, Kröner, A and Rashwan, AA (1984) On the tectonic evolution of the Wadi Hafafit area and environs, Eastern Desert of Egypt. King Abdulaziz University, Institute of Applied Geology Bulletin 6, 113–26.Google Scholar
El-Sayed, MM, Furnes, H and Mohamed, FH (1999) Geochemical constraints on the tectonomagmatic evolution of the late Precambrian Fawakhir ophiolite, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 29, 515–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Sayed, MM, Obeid, MA, Furnes, H and Moghazi, AM (2004) Late Neoproterozoic volcanism in southern Eastern Desert, Egypt: petrological, structural and geochemical constraints on the tectonic-magmatic evolution of the Allaqi Dokhan Volcanic suite. Neues Jahrbuch Für Mineralogie Abhandlungen 180, 261–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Shazly, SM and El-Sayed, MM (2000) Petrogenesis of the Pan-African El-Bula igneous suite, central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 31, 317–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Shazly, AG and Essawy, MA (1978) Petrological and geochemical characteristics of the granitic rocks of Abu Ziran district, Eastern Desert, Egypt. In Proceedings of the 5th Iraqi Geological Congress, Baghdad: Geological Society of Iraq, Abstract no. 5, pp. 18.Google Scholar
Evans, BW and Vance, JA (1987) Epidote phenocrysts in dacitic dikes, Boulder County, Colorado. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 96, 178–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyal, M, Be’eri-Shlevin, Y, Eyal, Y, Whitehouse, MJ and Litvinovsky, B (2014) Three successive Proterozoic island arcs in the Northern Arabian-Nubian Shield: evidence from SIMS U-Pb dating of zircon. Gondwana Research 25, 338–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyal, Y, Eyal, M, Litvinovsky, B, Jahn, B–M, Calvo, R and Golan, T (2019) The evolution of the Neoproterozoic Elat Metamorphic Complex, northernmost Arabian-Nubian Shield: Island arc to syncollisional stage and post-collisional magmatism. Precambrian Research 320, 137–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyal, M, Litvinovsky, B, Jahn, BM, Zanvilevich, A and Katzir, Y (2010) Origin and evolution of post-collisional magmatism: coeval Neoproterozoic calc-alkaline and alkaline suites of the Sinai Peninsula. Chemical Geology 269, 153–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrow, CEG and Barr, SM (1992) Petrology of high-Al-hornblende and magmatic epidote-bearing plutons in the southeastern Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia. Canadian Mineralogist 30, 377–92.Google Scholar
Faure, G (1986) Principles of Isotope Geology, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 589 pp.Google Scholar
Foley, SF, Tiepolo, M and Vannucci, R (2002) Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zones. Nature 417, 837–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foley, SF, Vannucci, R, Tiepolo, M, Oberti, R and Zanetti, A (2004) Recognition of melts of subducted slabs by high field strength element fractionation. In Proceedings of EGU Meeting, Nice: European Geophysical Union, April 2004.Google Scholar
Franz, G and Smelik, EA (1995) Zoned zoisite from Weissenstein pegmatite that derived from high-pressure melting of eclogite at ≈ 2.0 GPa: importance for decompressional melting in Eclogite. European Journal of Mineralogy 7, 1421–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, H, Abdelsalam, M, Ali, KA, Bingen, B, Collins, AS, Fowler, AR, Ghebreab, W, Hauzenberger, CA, Johnson, PR, Kusky, TM, Macey, PS, Muhongo, P, Stern, RJ and Viola, G (2013) Orogen styles in the East African Orogen: a review of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian tectonic evolution. Journal of African Earth Sciences 86, 65–106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritz, H, Loizenbauer, J and Wallbrecher, E (2014) Magmatic and solid state structures of the Abu Ziran pluton: deciphering transition from thrusting to extension in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences 99, 122–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, H, Wallbrecher, E, Khudeir, AA, Abu El Ela, F and Dallmeyer, DR (1996) Formation of Neoproterozoic metamorphic core complexes during oblique convergence (Eastern Desert, Egypt). Journal of African Earth Sciences 23, 311–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamble, JA, Smith, IEM, McCulloch, MT, Graham, IJ and Kokelaar, BP (1993) The geochemistry and petrogenesis of basalts from the Taupo Volcanic Zone and Kermadec Island Arc, SW Pacific. Journal of Volcanology & Geothermal Research 54, 265–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, TH (1972) Crystallization of calc-alkaline andesite under controlled high-pressure hydrous conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 34, 150–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, TH and Ringwood, AE (1968) Genesis of the calc-alkaline igneous rock suite, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 18, 105–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greiling, RO, Abdeen, MM, Dardir, AA, El Akhal, H, El Ramly, MF, Kamal El Din, GM, Osman, AF, Rashwan, AA, Rice, AHN and Sadek, MF (1994) A structural synthesis of the Proterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield in Egypt. Geologie Rundschau 83, 484–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greiling, RO, Kröner, A and El Ramly, MF (1984) Structural interference patterns and their origin in the Pan-African basement of the southeastern Desert of Egypt. In Precambrian Tectonics Illustrated (eds Kröner, A. and Greiling, R. O.), pp. 401–12. Stuttgart: Schweitzerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.Google Scholar
Habib, ME, Ahmed, AA and El Nady, OM (1985) Tectonic evolution of the Meatiq infrastructure, central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Tectonics 4, 613–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halla, J, van Hunen, J, Heilimo, E and Hölttä, P (2009) Geochemical and numerical constraints on Neoarchean plate tectonics. Precambrian Research 179, 155–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkesworth, CJ, Gallagher, K, Hergt, JM and McDermott, F (1993) Mantle and slab contributions in arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth & Planetary Sciences 21, 175–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoffman, PF (1999) The break-up of Rodinia, birth of Gondwana, true polar wander and the snowball Earth. Journal of African Earth Sciences 28, 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, X-L, Niu, Y, Xu, Y-G, Yang, Q-J and Zhong, J-W (2010) Geochemistry of TTG and TTG-like gneisses from Lushan-Taihua complex in the southern North China Craton: implications for late Archean crustal accretion. Precambrian Research 182, 43–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, WR (1934) Geology of Egypt, the Fundamental Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Egypt and the Sudan, their Distribution, Age, and Character. Part 1. The Metamorphic Rocks, vol. 1. Cairo: Geological Survey of Egypt, 134 pp.Google Scholar
Jarrar, GH, Stern, RJ, Saffarinai, G and Al-Zubi, H (2003) Late- and post-orogenic Neoproterozoic intrusions of Jordan: implications for crustal growth in the northernmost segment of the East African Orogen. Precambrian Research 123, 295–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarrar, GH, Theye, T, Yaseen, N, Whitehouse, M, Pease, V and Passchier, C (2013) Geochemistry and P-T-t evolution of the Abu-Barqa Metamorphic Suite, SW Jordan, and implications for the tectonics of the northern Arabian-Nubian Shield. Precambrian Research 239, 56–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, PR, Andresen, A, Collins, AS, Fowler, AR, Fritz, H, Ghebrab, W, Kusky, T and Stern, RJ (2011) Late Cryogenian-Ediacaran history of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: a review of depositional, plutonic, structural, and tectonic event in the closing stages of the northern East African Orogen. Journal of African Earth Sciences 61, 167–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, PR and Woldehaimanot, B (2003) Development of the Arabian-Nubian shield: perspectives on accretion and deformation in the northern East African Orogen and the assembly of Gondwana. In Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup (eds M Yoshida, BE Windley and S Dasgupta), pp. 289–325. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Küster, D and Harms, U (1998) Post-collisional potassic granitoids from the southern and northwestern parts of the Late Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: a review. Lithos 45, 177–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurie, A and Stevens, G (2012) Water-present eclogite melting to produce Earth’s early felsic crust. Chemical Geology 314–317, 83–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Bas, MJ and Streckeisen, AL (1991) The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks. Journal of the Geological Society of London 148, 825–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loizenbauer, J, Walbrecher, E, Fritz, H, Neumayr, P, Khudeir, AA and Kloetzli, U (2001) Structural geology, single zircon ages and fluid inclusion studies of the Meatiq metamorphic core complex: implications for Neoproterozoic tectonics in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Precambrian Research 110, 357–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lugmair, GW and Marti, K (1978) Lunar initial 143Nd/144Nd: differential evolution of the lunar crust and mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 39, 349–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, BD and Carmichael, ISE (1974) Benioff Zone Magmatism. Journal of Geophysical Research 79, 1196–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, H (1987) Petrogenesis of Archean trondhjemites, tonalites, and granodiorites from Eastern Finland: major and trace element geochemistry. Journal of Petrology 28, 921–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, H (1993) The mechanisms of petrogenesis of the Archean continental crust - comparison with modern processes. Lithos 30, 373–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, H (1999) The adakitic magmas: modern analogues of Archaean granitoids. Lithos 46, 411–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, H, Smithies, RH, Rapp, R, Moyen, J-F and Champion, D (2005) An overview of adakite, tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) and sanukitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution. Lithos 79, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattinson, JM (2005) Zircon U–Pb chemical abrasion (“CA-TIMS”) method: combined annealing and multi-step partial dissolution analysis for improved precision and accuracy of zircon ages. Chemical Geology 220, 47–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maurice, AE, Basta, FF and Khiamy, AA (2012) Neoproterozoic nascent island arc volcanism from the Nubian shield of Egypt: magma genesis and generation of continental crust in intra-oceanic arcs. Lithos 132, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, NM, Condon, DJ, Schoene, B and Bowring, SA (2015) Evaluating uncertainties in the calibration of isotopic reference materials and multi-element isotopic tracers (EARTHTIME Tracer Calibration Part II). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 164, 481–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meert, JG and Lieberman, BS (2008) The Neoproterozoic assembly of Gondwana and its relationship to the Ediacaran - Cambrian radiation. Gondwana Research 14, 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meert, JG and Torsvik, TH (2003) The making and unmaking of a supercontinent: Rodinia revisited. Tectonophysics 375, 261–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyen, J-F (2009) High Sr/Y and La/Y ratios: the meaning of the “adakitic signature”. Lithos 112, 556–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyen, J-F (2011) The composite Archaean grey gneisses: petrological significance, and evidence for a non-unique tectonic setting for Archaean crustal growth. Lithos 123, 21–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyen, J-F and Martin, H (2012) Forty years of TTG research. Lithos 148, 312–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyen, J-F and Stevens, G (2006) Experimental constraints on TTG petrogenesis: implications for Archean geodynamics. In Archean Geodynamics and Environments (eds Benn, K, Mareschal, J-C and Condie, KC), pp. 149–78. American Geophysical Union, Washington, Monographs.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moyen, J-F, Stevens, G, Kisters, AFM and Belcher, RW (2007) TTG plutons of the Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa. In Earth’s Oldest Rocks (eds Van Kranendonk, MJ, Smithies, RH and Bennet, V), pp. 606–68. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Developments in Precambrian Geology.Google Scholar
Nagel, TJ, Hoffmann, JE and Münker, C (2012) Melting of Eoarchaean TTGs from thickened mafic arc crust. Geology 40, 375–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nair, R and Chacko, T (2008) Role of oceanic plateaus in the initiation of subduction and origin of continental crust. Geology 36, 583–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasseef, MO, Bakor, AR and Hashad, AM (1980) Petrography of possible ophiolitic rocks along the Qift-Quseir road, Eastern Desert, Egypt: evolution and mineralization of the Arabian Shield. King Abdulaziz University, Institute of Applied Geology Bulletin 3, 157–68.Google Scholar
Neubauer, WH (1962) Geologie der Goldlagerstagette von E1-Sid in Obseraegypten mit einem Beitriag zur Geologie der zentralen arabischen Wueste. Geologische Jahrbuch 80, 117–25.Google Scholar
Neumayr, P, Hoinkes, G, Puhl, J, Mogessie, A and Khudeir, AA (1998) The Meatiq dome (Eastern Desert, Egypt), a Precambrian metamorphic core complex: petrological and geological evidence. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 16, 259–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumayr, P, Mogessie, A, Hoinkes, GP and Puhl, J (1996) Geological setting of the Meatiq metamorphic core complex in the Eastern Desert of Egypt based on amphibolite geochemistry. Journal of African Earth Sciences 23, 331–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, JT (1965) A classification for quartz-rich igneous rocks based on feldspar ratios. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 525-B, 79–84.Google Scholar
Pearce, JA, Harris, NBW and Tindle, AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 25, 956–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popov, VS, Nikiforova, NF and Bogatov, VI (2001) Multiple gabbro-granite intrusive series of the Syrostan pluton, southern Urals; geochemistry and petrology. Geochemistry International 39, 732–47.Google Scholar
Prouteau, G, Scaillet, B, Pichavant, M and Maury, RC (2001) Evidence for mantle metasomatism by hydrous silicic melts derived from subducted oceanic crust. Nature 410, 197–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapp, RP (1994) Partial melting of metabasalts at 2–7 GPa: experimental results and implications for lower crustal and subduction zone processes. Mineralogical Magazine 58A, 760–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, RP, Shimizu, N and Norman, MD (2003) Growth of early continental crust by partial melting of eclogite. Nature 425, 605–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapp, RP, Shimizu, N, Norman, MD and Applegate, GS (1999) Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa. Chemical Geology 160, 335–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, RP and Watson, EB (1995) Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8–32 kbar implications for continental growth and crust–mantle recycling. Journal of Petrology 36, 891–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, RP, Watson, EB and Miller, CF (1988) Experimental partial melting of amphibolite at 8-28 kbar: compositions of liquids and coexisting crystal residues (abstract). Goldschmidt Conference Program and Abstracts, 11–13 May 1988, Baltimore, Maryland: Geochemical Society. Abstract, p. 69.Google Scholar
Rapp, RP, Watson, EB and Miller, CF (1991) Partial melting of amphibolite/eclogite and the origin of Archean trondhjemites and tonalities. Precambrian Research 51, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ries, AC, Shackleton, RM, Graham, RH and Fitches, WR (1983) Pan-African structures, ophiolites and mélanges in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: a traverse at 26°N. Journal of the Geological Society of London 140, 75–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, FA, Foden, JD and Collins, AS (2015) Geochemical and isotopic constraints on island arc, synorogenic, post-orogenic and anorogenic granitoids in the Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Lithos 220–223, 97–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, FA, Foden, JD, Collins, AS and Payne, JL (2014) Arabian Shield magmatic cycles and their relationship with Gondwana assembly: insights from zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 408, 207–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollinson, H (1997) Eclogite xenoliths in west African kimberlites as residues from Archaean granitoid crust formation. Nature 389, 173–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, MW, Dardon, A, Chazot, G and Vannucci, R (2004) The dependence of Nb and Ta rutile-melt partitioning on melt composition and Nb/Ta fractionation during subduction processes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226, 415–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, MW and Poli, S (2004) Magmatic epidote. In Epidotes (eds Liebscher, A and Franz, G), pp. 399–430. Washington DC: Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society, Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry, 56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, MW and Thompson, AB (1996) Epidote in calc-alkaline magmas: an experimental study of stability, phase relationships, and role of epidote in magmatic evolution. American Mineralogist 81, 462–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmitt, AK, Emmermann, R, Trumbull, RB, BuÈhn, B and Henjes-Kunst, F (2000) Petrogenesis and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Brandberg complex, Namibia: evidence for a major mantle contribution in metaluminous and peralkaline granites. Journal of Petrology 41, 1207–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuermann, HM (1966) The Pre-Cambrian along the Gulf of the Suez and the Northern Part of the Red Sea. Leiden, Netherlands: EJ Brill, 76 pp.Google Scholar
Senshu, H, Maruyama, S, Rino, S and Santosh, M (2009) Role of tonalite-trodhjemite-granite (TTG) crust subduction on the mechanism of supercontinent breakup. Gondwana Research 15, 433–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackleton, RM (1996) The final collision zone between East and West Gondwana: where is it? Journal of African Earth Sciences 23, 271–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackleton, RM, Ries, AC, Graham, RH and Fitches, WR (1980) Late Precambrian ophiolite melange in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Nature 285, 472–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smithies, RH and Champion, DC (2000) The Archaean high-Mg diorite suite: links to tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite magmatism and implications for early Archaean crustal growth. Journal of Petrology 41, 1653–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souza, ZS, Potrel, H, Lafon, JM, Althoff, FJ, Pimentel, MM, Dall’Agnol, R and Oliveira, CG (2001) Nd, Pb and Sr isotopes of the Identidade Belt, an Archaean greenstone belt of the Rio Maria region (Carajas Province, Brazil): implications for the Archaean geodynamic evolution of the Amazonian Craton. Precambrian Research 109, 293–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stacey, JS and Kramers, JD (1975) Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a 2-stage model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 26, 207–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiger, RH and Jäger, E (1977) Sub-commission on Geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36, 359–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, RJ (1994) Arc assembly and continental collision in the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen: implications for the consolidation of Gondwanaland. Annual Reviews of Earth Planetary Sciences 22, 319–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sturchio, NC, Sultan, M and Batiza, R (1983) Geology and origin of the Meatiq Dome, Egypt: a Precambrian metamorphic core complex? Geology 11, 72–6.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, SS and McDonough, WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In Magnatism in Ocean Basins (eds Saunders, AS and Norry, MJ), pp. 313–45. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 42.Google Scholar
Teklay, M, Berhe, K, Reimold, WU, Armstrong, R, Asmerom, Y and Watson, J (2002a) Geochemistry and geochronology of a Neoproterozoic low-K tholeiite-boninite association in Central Eritrea. Gondwana Research 5, 597–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teklay, M, Kröner, A and Mezger, K (2002b) Enrichment from plume interaction in the generation of Neoproterozoic arc rocks in northern Eritrea: implications for crustal accretion in the southern Arabian–Nubian Shield. Chemical Geology 184, 167–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tohver, E, D’Agrella, MS and Trindade, RJF (2006) Paleomagnetic record of Africa and South America for the 1200-500 Ma interval, and evaluation of Radinia and Gondwana assemblies. Precambrian Research 147, 193–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vail, JR (1990) Geochronology of the Sudan. London: British Geological Survey, Overseas Geology and Mineral Resources issue 66, 59p.Google Scholar
van Hunen, J and Moyen, J-F (2012) Archaean subduction: fact or fiction? Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 40, 195–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, T, Grunow, AM and Hanson, RE (1997) Gondwana Assembly: the view from southern Africa and East Gondwana. Journal of Geodynamics 23, 263–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winther, KT (1996) An experimentally based model for the origin of tonalitic and trondhjemitic melts. Chemical Geology 127, 43–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, MB and Wyllie, PJ (1989) The formation of tonalitic liquids during the vapor-absent partial melting of amphibolite at 10 kb (abstract). Eos, Transactions of American Geophysical Union 70, 506.Google Scholar
Wolf, MB and Wyllie, PJ (1994) Dehydration-melting of amphibolite at 10 kbar: the effects of temperature and time. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 115, 369–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodhead, JD (1989) Geochemistry of the Mariana arc (Western Pacific): source composition and processes. Chemical Geology 76, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wylie, PJ, Wolf, MB and van der Laan, SR (1997) Conditions for formation of tonalites and trondhjemites: magmatic sources and products. In Greenstone Belts (eds De Wit, M and Ashwal, LD), pp. 256–66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Xiong, XL, Adam, J and Green, TH (2005) Rutile stability and rutile/melt HFSE partitioning during partial melting of hydrous basalt: implications for TTG genesis. Chemical Geology 218, 339–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zen, E-An and Hammarstorm, JM (1984) Magmatic epidote and its petrologic significance. Geology 12, 515–18.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar