Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T06:33:28.979Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

New insights into the thermal regime and hydrodynamics of the early Late Cretaceous Arctic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 May 2019

Robert Spicer Open the ORCID record for Robert Spicer [Opens in a new window] ,
Paul Valdes ,
Alice Hughes ,
Jian Yang ,
Teresa Spicer ,
Alexei Herman  and
Alexander Farnsworth
Robert Spicer*
Affiliation:
School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, PR China
Paul Valdes
Affiliation:
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
Alice Hughes
Affiliation:
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, PR China
Jian Yang
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
Teresa Spicer
Affiliation:
State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, PR China
Alexei Herman
Affiliation:
Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119017, Russia
Alexander Farnsworth
Affiliation:
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
*
Author for correspondence:[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else of comparable size on Earth, impacting global climate feedbacks and the Arctic biota. However, a warm Arctic is not novel. The Late Cretaceous fossil record of the region enables a detailed reconstruction of polar environmental conditions, and a thriving extinct ecosystem, during a previous 'hothouse’ global climate. Using leaf form (physiognomy) and tree ring characteristics we reconstruct Cenomanian to Coniacian polar thermal and hydrological regimes over an average annual cycle at eight locations in NE Russia and northern Alaska. A new high spatial resolution (∼1 km) WorldClim2 calibration of the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) yields results similar to, but often slightly warmer than, previous analyses, but also provides more detailed insights into the hydrological regime through the return of annual and seasonal vapour pressure deficit (VPD), potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates and soil moisture, as well as new thermal overviews through measures of thermicity and growing degree days. The new results confirm the overall warmth of the region, particularly close to the Arctic Ocean, but reveal strong local differences that may be related to palaeoelevation in the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanogenic Belt in NE Russia. While rainfall estimates have large uncertainties due to year-round wet soils in most locations, new measures of VPD and PET show persistent high humidity, but with notably drier summers at all the Arctic sites.

Keywords

polar warmthpalaeoclimateCLAMPecosystemAlaskaRussiaplant fossils
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Special Issue 10: Mesozoic of the Arctic , October 2020 , pp. 1729 - 1746
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alekseev, PI, Herman, AB and Shchepetov, SV (2014) New angiosperm genera from Cretaceous sections of Northern Asia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 22, 606–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amiot, R, Lecuyer, C, Beuffetaut, E, Frédéric, F, Legendre, S and Meartineau, F (2004) Latitudinal temperature gradient during the Cretaceous Upper-Campanian-Middle Maastrichtian: δ18O record of continental vertebrates. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226, 255–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowling, DR, McDowell, NG, Bond, BJ, Law, BE and Ehleringer, JR (2002) 13C content of ecosystem respiration is linked to precipitation and vapor pressure deficit. Oecologia 131, 113–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Budantsev, LY (1968) Late Cretaceous flora of the Vilui Depression. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 53, 3–16.Google Scholar
Budantsev, LY (1983) Istoriya Arkticheskoi Flory Epokhi Rannego Kainofita [Arctic Flora History in the Early Cenophytic Epoch]. Leningrad: Nauka (in Russian).Google Scholar
Craggs, HJ (2005) Late Cretaceous climate signal of the Northern Pekulney Range Flora of northeastern Russia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 217, 25–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, PL, Wilson, GC, Watts, AB and Work, D (1997) Growth position petrified trees over-lying thick Nanushuk Group coal, Lili Creek, Lookout Ridge Quadrangle, North Slope Alaska. In Short Notes on Alaskan Geology 1997 (eds Cloughand, JGLarson, F), pp. 63–70. Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys.Google Scholar
Detterman, RL and Spicer, RA (1981) New stratigraphic assignment for rocks along Igilatvik (Sabbath) Creek, William O. Douglas Wildlife Range, Alaska. US Geological Survey Circular 823-B, 11–12.Google Scholar
Ferguson, DK (1985) The origin of leaf-assemblages – new light on an old problem. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 46, 117–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fick, SE and Hijmans, RJ (2017) WorldClim2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land surfaces. International Journal of Climatology 37, 4302–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippova, GG (1975a) Flora of the Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Umkuveem and Ainakhkurgen Depressions. Materialy po geologii i poleznym iskopayemym Severo-Vostoka SSSR 22, 23–35 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Filippova, GG (1975b) On the age of the volcanogenic deposits of the left bank of the Palyavaam River (Chukotka). In Proceedings of the Institute of Biology and Pedology Far Eastern Scientific Centre, USSR Academy of Sciences, New Series [Trudy Biologo-Pochvennogo Instituta DVNTs AN SSSR, Novaya Seriya] 27, 55–9 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Filippova, GG (1979) Cenomanian flora of the Grebenka River and its stratigraphic significance. In Dalnevostochnaya Paleofloristika [Palaeofloristics of the Far East]. Far Eastern Scientific Centre, USSR Academy of Sciences, New Series [Trudy Biologo-Pochvennogo Instituta DVNTs Academii Nauk SSSR, Novaya Seriya] 53, 91–115 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Filippova, GG (1988) Grebenka floristic assemblage in the Anadyr River basin (Chukotka). Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 17, 50–60 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Filippova, GG (1989) New data on the Grebenka Flora from the Anadyr River Basin. In Vulkanogennyi Mel Dalnego Vostoka [Volcanogenic Cretaceous of the Far East]. Vladivostok: DVO Academii Nauk SSSR (in Russian). pp. 76–87.Google Scholar
Filippova, GG (1994) Coniacian flora of the northern part of the Pekulnei Range. Kolyma 1994, 13–21 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Filippova, GG and Abramova, LN (1993) Late Cretaceous Flora of North-eastern Russia. Moscow: Nedra (in Russian).Google Scholar
Forest, CE, Molnar, P and Emanuel, KE (1995) Palaeoaltimetry from energy conservation principles. Nature 343, 249–53.Google Scholar
Frederiksen, NO, Ager, TA and Edwards, LE (1988) Palynology of Maastrichtian and Paleocene rocks, lower Colville River region, North Slope of Alaska. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25, 512–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golovneva, LB (1988) Novyi rod Microconium (Cupressaceae) iz pozdnemelovykh otlozhenii Severo-Vostoka SSSR [A new genus Microconium (Cupressaceae) form the Late Cretaceous deposits of the North-East of the USSR]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 73, 1179–84 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Golovneva, LB (1991a) Novyi rod Palaeotrapa (Trapaceae?) i novye vidy Quereuxia iz rarytkinskoi svity (Koryakskoye nagor’ye, maastrikht-danii [The new genus Palaeotrapa (Trapaceae?) and new species Quereuxia from the Rarytkin Formation (the Koryak Upland, Maastrichtian - Danian)]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 76, 601–10 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Golovneva, LB (1991b) Vidy roda Trochodendroides (Cercidiphyllaceae) v maastrikht-datskoi rarytkinskoi flore Koryakskogo nagor’ya [The species of the genus Trochodendroides (Cercidiphyllaceae) in Maastrichtian - Danian Rarytkin Flora of the Koryak Upland]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 76, 427–36 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Golovneva, LB (1994a) Maastrichtian–Danian floras of Koryak Uplands. Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta, VL Komarova 13, 1–145.Google Scholar
Golovneva, LB (1994b) The flora of the Maastrichtian–Danian deposits of the Koryak Uplands, northeast Russia. Cretaceous Research 15, 89–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golovneva, LB (2000) The Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) climate in the Northern Hemisphere. In Climates: Past and Present (ed. Hart, MB), pp. 43–54. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 181.Google Scholar
Golovneva, LB and Alekseev, PI (2010) The genus Trochodendroides Berry in the Cretaceous floras of Siberia. In Palaeobotany (ed. Budantsev, LYu), Vol. 1, pp. 120–66 (in Russian with English summary).Google Scholar
Golovneva, LB and Herman, AB (1992) New data on composition and age of flora of the Koryak Formation (North-eastern Russia). Botanicheskii Zhurnal 77, 60–71.Google Scholar
Golovneva, LB, Herman, AB and Shczepetov, SV (2015) The genus Menispermites Lesquereux (angiosperms) in the Cretaceous Grebenka Flora of Northeastern Russia. Paleontological Journal 49, 429–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golovneva, LB and Shchepetov, SV (2015) Floristic assemblages from Upper Cretaceous deposits of East Chukotka. In Paleobotanika [Palaeobotany], Vol. 6, pp. 96–119. St Petersburg: Marafon (in Russian).Google Scholar
Golovneva, LB, Shchepetov, SV and Alekseev, PI (2011) Chingandzha Flora (Late Cretaceous, North-eastern Russia): systematic composition, palaeoecological features and stratigraphic significance. In Lectures in Memory of A.N. Kryshtofovich, Iss. 7, 37–61 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Grant, PR, Spicer, RA and Parrish, JT (1988) Palynofacies of northern Alaskan Cretaceous coals. 7th International Palynological Congress Brisbane, Abstracts Volume 60.Google Scholar
Herman, AB (1990) Late Cretaceous floras and climate of the Anadyr-Koryakian Subregion (North-East USSR). In Proceedings of the Symposium “Paleofloristic and Paleoclimatic Changes in the Cretaceous and Tertiary” (eds Knobloch, E & Kvaček, Z), pp. 73–9. Prague: Geological Survey of Czechoslovakia.Google Scholar
Herman, AB (1991) Cretaceous angiosperms and phytostratigraphy of North-Western Kamchatka and Yelistratov Peninsula. In Stratigraphy and Flora of the Cretaceous of North-Western Kamchatka (eds Herman, AB and Lebedev, EL), pp. 5–141. Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Herman, AB (1993) Late Maastrichtian flora from the Emima-ll’naivaam Interfluve, the northeastern Koryak Highland, and its stratigraphic significance. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 1, 427–34.Google Scholar
Herman, AB (1994) Late Cretaceous Arctic platanoids and high latitude climate. In Cenozoic Plants and Climates of the Arctic. (eds Boulter, MC and Fisher, HC), pp. 151–9. NATO ASI Subseries I. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB (2002) Late Early-Late Cretaceous floras of the North Pacific Region: florogenesis and early angiosperm invasion. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 122, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB (2007) Comparative paleofloristics of the Albian-early Paleocene in the Anadyr-Koryak and North Alaska Subregions, Part 1: The Anadyr-Koryak Subregion. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 15, 321–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB (2011) Al’bskaya – Paleotsenovaya Flora Severnoi Patsifiki [Albian – Paleocene Flora of the North Pacific Region]. Moscow: GEOS.Google Scholar
Herman, AB (2013) Albian – Paleocene flora of the North Pacific: systematic composition, palaeofloristics and phytostratigraphy. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 21, 689–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB (2018) On the likely palaeoelevation of the Turonian-Coniacian Arman Flora site (North-Eastern Asia). Fossil Imprint 74, 159–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB, Akhmetiev, MA, Kodrul, TM, Moiseeva, MG and Iakovleva, AI (2009) Flora development in Northeastern Asia and Northern Alaska during the Cretaceous–Paleogene transitional epoch. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 17, 79–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB, Golovneva, LB, Shczepetov, SV and Grabovsky, AA (2016) The late Cretaceous Arman Flora of Magadan oblast, Northeastern Russia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 24, 651–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB, Kostyleva, VV, Nikolskii, PA, Basilyan, AE and Kotel’nikov, AE (2019) New data on the late Cretaceous flora of the New Siberia Island, New Siberian Islands. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 27(3).Google Scholar
Herman, AB and Lebedev, YL (1991) Stratigraphy and flora of the Cretaceous deposits of North-West Kamchatka. Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 468. 189 pp.Google Scholar
Herman, AB and Shczepetov, SV (1991) The Mid-Cretaceous flora of the Anadyr river basin (Tchukotka, NE Siberia). In Palaeovegetational Development in Europe: Proceedings of the Pan-European Palaeobotanical Conference, 19–23 September 1991 (ed. Kovsar-Eder, J), pp. 273–9. Vienna: Naturalhistorisches Museum Wien.Google Scholar
Herman, AB and Sokolova, AB (2016) Late Cretaceous Kholokhovchan flora of Northeastern Asia: composition, age and fossil plant descriptions. Cretaceous Research 59, 249–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB and Spicer, RA (1995) Latest Cretaceous flora of northeastern Russia and the “Terminal Cretaceous Event” in the Arctic. Paleontological Journal 29, 22–5.Google Scholar
Herman, AB and Spicer, RA (1996a) Palaeobotanical evidence for a warm Cretaceous Arctic Ocean. Nature 380, 330–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB and Spicer, RA (1996b) Nilssoniocladus in the Cretaceous Arctic: new species and biological insights. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 92, 229–43.Google Scholar
Herman, AB and Spicer, RA (1997a) New quantitative palaeoclimate data for the Late Cretaceous Arctic: evidence for a warm polar ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 128, 227–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, AB and Spicer, RA (1997b) The Koryak flora: did the early Tertiary deciduous flora begin in the late Maastrichtian of northeastern Russia? Mededelingen Nederlands Instituuut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 58, 87–92.Google Scholar
Herman, AB, Spicer, RA and Kvaček, J (2002) Late Cretaceous climate of Eurasia and Alaska: a quantitative approach. In Aspects of Cretaceous Stratigraphy and Palaeobiogeography: Proceedings of the 6th International Cretaceous Symposium, Vienna 2000 (ed. Wagreich, M), pp. 93–108. Vienna: Österreichische Academie der Wissenschaften, Schriftenreihe der Erdwissenschaftlichen Kommissionen 15.Google Scholar
Herman, AB, Spicer, RA and Spicer, TEV (2016) Environmental constraints on terrestrial vertebrate behaviour and reproduction in the high Arctic of the Late Cretaceous. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 441, 317–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollick, A (1930) The Upper Cretaceous floras of Alaska. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 159, 1–123.Google Scholar
Huffaker, CB (1942) Vegetational correlations with vapour pressure deficit and relative humidity. American Midland Naturalist 28, 486–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC ) (ed.) (2014) Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva: IPCC, 151 pp.Google Scholar
Katul, GG, Palmroth, S and Oren, R (2009) Leaf stomatal responses to vapour pressure deficit under current and CO2-enriched atmosphere explained by the economics of gas exchange. Plant Cell Environment 32, 968–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiritchkova, AI and Samylina, VA (1978) Korrelyatsiya nizhnemelovykh otlozhenii Lenskogo uglenosnogo basseina i Severo-Vostoka SSSR [Correlation of Lower Cretaceous deposits of Lena coal-bearing basin and Northeastern USSR]. Soviet Geology 12, 3–18 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Kovach, WL and Spicer, RA (1996) Canonical correspondance analysis of leaf physiognomy: a contribution to the development of a new palaeoclimatological tool. Palaeoclimates 2, 125–38.Google Scholar
Krassilov, VA (1975) Climatic changes in Eastern Asia as indicated by fossil floras. II: Late Cretaceous and Danian. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 17, 157–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krassilov, VA (1978) Late Cretaceous gymnosperms from Sakhalin, U.S.S.R., and the terminal Cretaceous event. Palaeontology 21, 893–905.Google Scholar
Lebedev, YL (1965) Late Jurassic Flora of Zeia River and the Jurassic - Cretaceous Boundary. Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 125, 5–142.Google Scholar
Lebedev, YL (1976) Evolution of Albian-Cenomanian floras of Northeast USSR and the association between their composition and facies conditions. International Geology Review 19, 1183–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebedev, YL (1987) Stratigraphy and age of the Okhotsk-Chukotsk volcanogenic belt. Transactions of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 421, 3–75.Google Scholar
Lebedev, YL (1992) The Cretaceous floras of Northeastern Asia. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya geologicheskaya 4, 85–96.Google Scholar
Lebedev, YL and Herman, AB (1989) A new genus of Cretaceous angiosperms – Dalembia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 59, 77–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S (2014) A theory for polar amplification from a general circulation perspective. Asia-Pacific Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 50, 31–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lottes, AL (1987) Paleolatitude determinations: comparison of palaeoclimatic and palaeomagnetic methods. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 19, 749.Google Scholar
Mull, CG, Houseknecht, DW and Bird, KJ (2003) Revised Cretaceous and Tertiary stratigraphic nomenclature in the Colville Basin, Northern Alaska. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1673, 1–51.Google Scholar
New, M, Hulme, M and Jones, P (1999) Representing twentieth-century space–time climate variability. Part I: development of a 1961–90 mean monthly terrestrial climatology. Journal of Climate 12, 829–56.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nikitenko, BL, Devyatov, VP, Lebedeva, NK, Basov, VA, Fursenko, EA, Goryacheva, AA, Pestchevitskaya, EB, Glinskikh, LA and Khafaeva, SN (2018) Jurassic and Cretaceous biostratigraphy and organic matter geochemistry of the New Siberian Islands (Russian Arctic). Geologiya i Geofizika 59, 211–30 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Nikitenko, BL, Devyatov, VP, Lebedeva, NK, Basov, VA, Goryacheva, AA, Pestchevitskaya, EB and Glinskikh, LA (2017) Jurassic and Cretaceous stratigraphy of the New Siberian Archipelago (Laptev and East Siberian seas): facies zoning and lithostratigraphy. Geologiya i Geofizika 58, 1867–85 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Oren, R, Sperry, JS, Katul, GG, Pataki, DE, Ewers, BE, Phillips, N and Schäfer, KVR (1999) Survey and synthesis of intra- and interspecific variation in stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit. Plant Cell Environment 22, 1515–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parrish, JT and Spicer, RA (1988a) Middle Cretaceous wood from the Nanushuk Group, Central North Slope, Alaska. Palaeonotology 31, 19–34.Google Scholar
Parrish, JT and Spicer, RA (1988b) Late Cretaceous terrestrial vegetation: a near-polar temperature curve. Geology 16, 2–25.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pigliucci, M (2003) Phenotypic integration: studying the ecology and evolution of complex phenotypes. Ecology Letters 6, 265–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rivas-Martinez, S, Sánchez-Mata, D and Costa, M (1999) North American boreal and western temperate forest vegetation. Itinera Geobotanica 12, 3–316.Google Scholar
Sable, EG and Stricker, GD (1987) Coal in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA): framework geology and resources. In Alaskan North Slope Geology (eds Taileur, I and Weimer, P), Vol. 1, pp. 195–215. Bakersfield, California: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section.Google Scholar
Samylina, VA (1963) The Mesozoic flora of the lower course of the Aldan River. Palaeobotanica, ser. 8, 4, 57–139.Google Scholar
Samylina, VA (1968) Early Cretaceous angiosperms of the Soviet Union based on leaf and fruit remains. Journal of the Linnean Society (Botany) 61, 207–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samylina, VA (1973) Correlation of lower Cretaceous continental deposits of Northeast USSR based on palaeobotanical data. Sovietskaya Geologiya 8, 42–57.Google Scholar
Samylina, VA (1974b) Early Cretaceous floras of Northeast USSR (problems of establishing Cenophytic floras) [Rannemelovye flory severo-vostoka SSSR. K probleme stanovleniya flor Kainofita]. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Samylina, VA (1976) The Cretaceous Flora of Omsukchan (Magadan District). Leningrad: Nauka. 55 pp.Google Scholar
Samylina, VA (1988) Arkagala Stratoflora of Northeastern Asia [Arkagalinskaya sratoflora severo-vostoka Azii]. Leningrad: Nauka.Google Scholar
Samylina, VA and Shczepetov, SV (1991) Ginkgovyye i chekanovskievyye iz verkhnemelovykh otlozhenii Yeliseevskogo obnazheniiy na r. Grebyonka (pravoberezh’ye r. Anadyr’) [The ginkgoaleans and czekanowskialeans from the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Yeliseev outcrop on the Grebenka River (the right bank of the Anadyr River)]. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 76, 950–6 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Schubert, BA, Jahren, AH, Eberle, JJ, Sternberg, LSL and Eberth, DA (2012) A summertime rainy season in the Arctic forests of the Eocene. Geology 40, 523–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, RA and Smiley, CJ (1979) Some Cretaceous megafossils and microfossils from the Nanushuk Group, northern Alaska: a preliminary report. US Geological Survey Circular 794, 89–111.Google Scholar
Shczepetov, SV (1991) Mid Cretaceous Flora of the Chauna Group (Central Chukotka): Stratigraphic Setting, Systematic Composition, Atlas of Plants [Srednemelovaya flora Chaunskoi Serii (tsentral’naya Chukotka): stratigraficheskoye polozheniye, sistematicheskii sostav, stlas rastenii]. Magadan: Academii Nauk.Google Scholar
Shczepetov, SV (1995) Nonmarine Cretaceous Stratigraphy of North-eastern Russia [Korrelyatsiya nemorskogo mela Severo-Vostoka Rossii]. Magadan: Academii Nauk.Google Scholar
Shczepetov, SV and Golovneva, LB (2014) The Late Cretaceous Zarya flora of the Northern Okhotsk region and phytostratigraphy of the lower part of the Okhotsk–Chukotka volcanogenic belt section. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 22, 391–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shczepetov, SV and Herman, AB (2017) The formation conditions of the burial site of Late Cretaceous dinosaurs and plants in the Kakanaut River basin (Koryak Highlands, Northeastern Asia). Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 25, 400–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shczepetov, SV, Herman, AB and Belaya, BV (1992) Mid-Cretaceous Flora of the Right Bank of the Anadyr River (Stratigraphic Setting, Systematic Composition, Plant Fossils Atlas). Magadan: Academii Nauk.Google Scholar
Smiley, CJ (1966) Cretaceous floras of the Kuk River area, Alaska: stratigraphic and climatic interpretations. Geological Society of America Bulletin 77, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smiley, CJ (1969a) Floral zones and correlations of Cretaceous Kukpowruk and Corwin Formations, northwestern Alaska. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 53, 2079–93.Google Scholar
Smiley, CJ (1969b) Cretaceous floras of the Chandler-Colville Region, Alaska, stratigraphy and preliminary floristics. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 53, 482–502.Google Scholar
Spicer, RA (1981) The sorting and deposition of allochthonous plant material in a modern environment at Silwood Lake, Silwood Park, Berkshire. US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1143, 1–77.Google Scholar
Spicer, RA (1986) Comparative leaf architectural analysis of Cretaceous radiating angiosperms. In Systematic and Taxonomic Approaches in Palaeobotany (eds Spicer, RA and Thomas, BA), Systematics Association, Special Volume 31, pp. 223–33. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Spicer, RA (1987) Late Cretaceous floras and terrestrial environment of Northern Alaska. Alaskan North Slope Geology 1, 497–512.Google Scholar
Spicer, RA (2018) Phytopaleoaltimetry: using plant fossils to measure past land surface elevation. In Mountains, Climate and Biodiversity (eds Hoorn, C, Perrigo, A and Antonelli, A), pp. 96–109. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Spicer, RA, Ahlberg, A, Herman, AB, Kelley, SP, Raikevich, MI and Rees, PM (2002) Palaeoenvironment and ecology of the middle Cretaceous Grebenka flora of northeastern Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 184, 65–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA and Chapman, JE (1990) The evolution of high latitude floras. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 5, 279–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spicer, RA and Corfield, RM (1992) A review of terrestrial and marine climates in the Cretaceous and implications for modelling the greenhouse earth. Geological Magazine 129, 168–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA and Herman, AB (2001) The Albian-Cenomanian flora of the Kukpowruk River, western North Slope, Alaska: stratigraphy and plant communities. Cretaceous Research 22, 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA and Herman, AB (2010) The late Cretaceous environment of the Arctic: a quantitative reassessment using plant fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 295, 423–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA, Herman, AB and Kennedy, EM (2004) The foliar physiognomic record of climatic conditions during dormancy: CLAMP and the cold month mean temperature. Journal of Geology 112 685–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA, Herman, AB, Yang, J and Spicer, TEV (2014) Why future climate change is likely to be underestimated: evidence from palaeobotany. Journal of the Botanical Society of Bengal 67, 75–88.Google Scholar
Spicer, RA and Parrish, JT (1986) Paleobotanical evidence for cool North Polar climates in middle Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) time. Geology 14, 703–6.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA and Parrish, JT (1990a) Late Cretaceous-early tertiary palaeoclimates of northern high latitudes: a quantitative view. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 329–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA and Parrish, JT (1990b) Latest Cretaceous woods of the central North Slope, Alaska. Palaeontology 33, 225–42.Google Scholar
Spicer, RA, Parrish, JT and Grant, PR (1992) Evolution of vegetation and coal-forming environments in the Late Cretaceous of the North Slope of Alaska. In Controls on the Distribution and Quality of Cretaceous Coals (eds McCabe, PJ and Parrish, JT), pp. 177–92. Geological Society of America, Special Paper no. 267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA, Rees, PM and Chapman, JE (1993) Cretaceous phytogeography and climate signals. In Palaeoclimates and Their Modelling (eds Allen, JRL, Hoskins, BJ, Sellwood, BW, Spicer, RA and Valdes, PJ), pp. 69–78. London: Royal Society / Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Spicer, RA and Wolfe, JA (1987) Plant taphonomy of late Holocene deposits in Trinity (Clair Engle) Lake, northern California. Paleobiology 13, 227–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spicer, RA, Wolfe, JA and Nichols, DJ (1987) Alaskan Cretaceous-Tertiary floras and Arctic origins. Paleoebiology 13, 73–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomsich, CS, McCarthy, PJ, Fowell, SJ and Sunderlin, D (2010) Paleofloristic and Paeoenevironmental information from a Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) flora of the lower Cantwell Formation near Sable Mountain, Denali National Park, Alaska. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 295, 389–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ufnar, DF, Ludvigson, GA, González, LA, Brenner, RL and Witzke, BJ (2004) High latitude meteoric δ18O compositions: Paleosol siderite in the Middle Cretaceous Nanushuk Formation, North Slope, Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, 463–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vasilenko, DV, Maslova, NP and Herman, AB (2016) Galls on the Compositiphyllum retinerve (Herman) Herman et Kvaček (Angiosperms) from the Turonian of the Northwestern Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Paleontological Journal 50, 653–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, CK, Greenwood, DR and Basinger, JF (2015) Was the Arctic Eocene ‘rainforest’ monsoonal? Estimates of seasonal precipitation from early Eocene megafloras from Ellesmere Island, Nunavut. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 427, 18–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, JA (1993) A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages. United States Geological Survey Bulletin 2040, 1–73.Google Scholar
Wolfe, JA and Spicer, RA (1999) Fossil leaf character states: multivariate analysis. In Fossil Plants and Spores: Modern Techniques (eds Jones, TP and Rowe, NP), 233–9. London: Geological Society,.Google Scholar
Yang, J, Spicer, RA, Spicer, TEV, Arens, NC, Jacques, FMB, Su, T, Kennedy, EM, Herman, ABet al. (2015) Leaf form–climate relationships on the global stage: an ensemble of characters. Global Ecology and Biogeography 24, 1113–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, J, Spicer, RA, Spicer, TEV and Li, C-S (2011) ‘CLAMP Online’: a new web-based palaeoclimate tool and its application to the terrestrial Paleogene and Neogene of North America. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 91, 163–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youtcheff, JSJ, Rao, PD and Smith, JE (1987) Variability in two northwest Alaska coal deposits. In Alaskan North Slope Geology (eds Taileur, I andWeimer, P), Vol. 1, pp. 225–32. Bakersfield, California: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section.Google Scholar
Zakharov, YD, Boriskina, NG, Ignatyev, AV, Tanabe, K, Shigeta, Y, Popov, AM, Afanansyeva, TB and Maeda, H (1999) Palaeotemperature curve for the Late Cretaceous of the northwestern circum-Pacific. Cretaceous Research 20, 685–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zakharov, YD, Shigeta, Y, Popov, AM, Velivetskaya, TA and Afanansyeva, TB (2011) Cretaceous climatic oscillations in the Bering area (Alaska and Koryak Upland): isotopic and palaeontological evidence. Sedimentary Geology 235, 122–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Spicer et al. supplementary material

Spicer et al. supplementary material 1

Download Spicer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 2.4 KB
Supplementary material: File

Spicer et al. supplementary material

Spicer et al. supplementary material 2

Download Spicer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 27.5 KB
Supplementary material: File

Spicer et al. supplementary material

Spicer et al. supplementary material 3

Download Spicer et al. supplementary material(File)
File 30.7 KB