Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:04:09.031Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Closure of India–Asia collision margin along the Shyok Suture Zone in the eastern Karakoram: new geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological observations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2020

Shailendra Pundir ,
Vikas Adlakha Open the ORCID record for Vikas Adlakha [Opens in a new window] ,
Santosh Kumar  and
Saurabh Singhal
Shailendra Pundir
Affiliation:
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
Vikas Adlakha*
Affiliation:
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
Santosh Kumar
Affiliation:
Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Geology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
Saurabh Singhal
Affiliation:
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
*
Author for correspondence: Vikas Adlakha, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

New whole-rock geochemical analyses along with laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb zircon ages of the granite–rhyolite from the Karakoram Batholith, exposed along the Shyok Valley, NW India, have been performed to understand the timing and geochemical evolution of these magmatic bodies and their implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Karakoram Batholith. New geochronological data on granites and rhyolites along with previously published geochronological data indicate that the Karakoram Batholith evolved during Albian time (~110–100 Ma) owing to the subduction of Tethys oceanic lithosphere along the Shyok Suture Zone. This region witnessed a period of no magmatism during ~99–85 Ma. Following this, the Kohistan–Ladakh arc and Karakoram Batholith evolved as a single entity in Late Cretaceous and early Palaeogene times. Late Cretaceous (~85 Ma) rhyolite intrusions within the Karakoram Batholith show calc-alkaline subduction-related signatures with a highly peraluminous nature (molar A/CNK = 1.42–1.81). These intrusions may have resulted from c. ~13.8 % to ~34.5 % assimilation of pre-existing granites accompanied by fractional crystallization during the ascent of the magma. The contamination of mantle wedge-derived melts with crust of the active continental margin of the Karakoram most likely enhanced the high peraluminous nature of the rhyolite magma, as has been constrained by assimilation fractional crystallization modelling. Two granite samples from the contact of the Shyok Metamorphic Complex and Karakoram Batholith indicate that the post-collisional Miocene magmatism was not only confined along the Karakoram Fault zone but also extends ~30 km beyond the Shyok–Muglib strand.

Keywords

magmatismgeochronologyKarakoramShyok Suture Zone
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Issue 9 , September 2020 , pp. 1451 - 1472
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altherr, R, Holl, A, Hegner, E, Langer, C and Kreuzer, H (2000) High-potassium, calc-alkaline I-type plutonism in the European Variscides: northern Vosges (France) and northern Schwarzwald (Germany). Lithos 50, 51–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohon, W, Hodges, KV, Tripathy-Lang, A, Arrowsmith, JR and Edwards, C (2018) Structural relationship between the Karakoram and Longmu Co fault systems, southwestern Tibetan Plateau, revealed by ASTER remote sensing. Geosphere 14, 1837–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borneman, NL, Hodges, KV, Soest, MC, Bohon, W, Wartho, JA, Cronk, SS and Ahmad, T (2015) Age and structure of the Shyok suture in the Ladakh region of northwestern India: implications for slip on the Karakoram fault system. Tectonics 34, 2011–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouilhol, P, Jagoutz, O, Hanchar, JM and Dudas, FO (2013) Dating the India–Eurasia collision through arc magmatic records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 366, 163–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulin, J (1981) Afghanistan structure, Greater India concept and Eastern Tethys evolution. Tectonophysics 72, 261–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boutonnet, E, Leloup, PH, Arnaud, N, Paquette, JL, Davis, WJ and Hattori, K (2012) Synkinematic magmatism, heterogeneous deformation, and progressive strain localization in a strike-slip shear zone: the case of the right-lateral Karakorum fault. Tectonics 31. doi: 10.1029/2011TC003049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brookfield, ME, Chung, SL and Shellnutt, JG (2017) Mid-Miocene (post 12 Ma) displacement along the central Karakoram fault zone in the Nubra Valley, Ladakh, India from spot LA-ICPMS U/Pb zircon ages of granites. Journal of the Geological Society of India 89, 231–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, BW and White, AJR (1974) Two contrasting granite types. Pacific Geology 8, 173–4.Google Scholar
Coward, MP, Jan, MQ, Rex, D, Tarney, J, Thirlwall, MT and Windley, BF (1982) Geo-tectonic framework of the Himalaya of N Pakistan. Journal of the Geological Society, London 139, 299–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coward, MP, Rex, DC, Khan, MA, Windley, BF, Broughton, RD, Luff, IW, Petterson, MG and Pudsey, CJ (1986) Collision tectonics in the NW Himalayas. In Collision Tectonics (eds Coward, MP and Ries, AC), pp. 203–19. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 19.Google Scholar
Cox, KG, Bell, JD and Pankhurst, RJ (1979) The Interpretation of Igneous Rocks. London: Allen and Unwin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawford, MB and Searle, MP (1992) Field relationships and geochemistry of pre-collisional (India-Asia) granitoid magmatism in the central Karakoram, northern Pakistan. Tectonophysics 206, 171–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debon, F, Le Fort, P, Dautel, D, Sonet, J and Zimmermann, JL (1987) Granites of western Karakorum and northern Kohistan (Pakistan): a composite Mid-Cretaceous to upper Cenozoic magmatism. Lithos 20, 19–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desio, A, Tongiorgl, E and Ferrara, G (1964) On the geological age of some granites of the Karakorum. Hindu Kush and Badakhshan (Central Asia). In Proceedings of the 22nd International Geological Congress, Delhi, Pt. 11, Sect. 11, pp. 479–96.Google Scholar
Dunlap, WJ and Wysoczanski, R (2002) Thermal evidence for early Cretaceous metamorphism in the Shyok suture zone and age of the Khardung volcanic rocks, Ladakh, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20, 481–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ersoy, EY (2013) PETROMODELER (Petrological Modeler): a Microsoft® Excel© spreadsheet program for modelling melting, mixing, crystallization and assimilation processes in magmatic systems. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 115–25.Google Scholar
Franz, G, Lucassen, F, Kramer, W, Trumbull, RB, Romer, RL, Wilke, HG, Viramonte, JG, Becchio, R and Siebel, W (2006) Crustal evolution at the Central Andean continental margin: a geochemical record of crustal growth, recycling and destruction. In The Andes (eds Oncken, O, Chong, G, Franz, G, Giese, P, Götze, H-J, Ramos, VA, Strecker, MR and Wigger, P), pp. 45–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, JE, Searle, MP, Parrish, RR and Noble, SR (2001) Chronology of deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism in the southern Karakoram Mountains. Geological Society of America Bulletin 113, 1443–55.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, BR, Barnes, CG, Collins, WJ, Arculus, RJ, Ellis, DJ and Frost, CD (2001) A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 42, 2033–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gergan, JT and Pant, PC (1983) Geology and stratigraphy of eastern Karakoram, Ladakh. In Geology of Indus Suture Zone of Ladakh (eds Thakur, VC and Sharma, KK), pp. 99–106. Dehra Dun: Wadia Institute of Himalaya Geology.Google Scholar
Hazarika, D, Paul, A, Wadhawan, M, Kumar, N, Sen, K and Pant, CC (2017) Seismotectonics of the Trans-Himalaya, Eastern Ladakh, India: constraints from moment tensor solutions of local earthquake data. Tectonophysics 698, 38–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazarika, D, Sen, K and Kumar, N (2014) Characterizing the intracrustal low velocity zone beneath northwest India–Asia collision zone. Geophysical Journal International 199, 1338–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuberger, S, Schaltegger, U, Burg, JP, Villa, IM, Frank, M, Dawood, H, Hussain, S and Zanchi, A (2007) Age and isotopic constraints on magmatism along the Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone, NW Pakistan: evidence for subduction and continued convergence after India-Asia collision. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 100, 85–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hildebrand, PR, Searle, MP, Khan, Z and Van Heijst, HJ (2000) Geological evolution of the Hindu Kush, NW Frontier Pakistan: active margin to continent-continent collision zone. In Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya (eds Asif Khan, M, Treloar, PJ, Searle, MP and Qasim Jan, M), pp. 277–93. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 170.Google Scholar
Honegger, K, Dietrich, V, Frank, W, Gansser, A, Thöni, M and Trommsdorff, V (1982) Magmatism and metamorphism in the Ladakh Himalayas (the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 60, 253–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, F and Leech, ML (2013) Age and origin of granites in the Karakoram shear zone and Greater Himalaya sequence, NW India. Lithosphere 5, 300–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoskin, PWO and Schaltegger, U (2003) The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 53, 27–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, X, Garzanti, E, Wang, J, Huang, W, An, W and Webb, A (2016) The timing of India-Asia collision onset–facts, theories, controversies. Earth-Science Reviews 160, 264–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jagoutz, OE, Burg, JP, Hussain, S, Dawood, H, Pettke, T, Iizuka, T and Maruyama, S (2009) Construction of the granitoid crust of an island arc part I: geochronological and geochemical constraints from the plutonic Kohistan (NW Pakistan). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 158, 739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, AK (2014) When did India–Asia collide and make the Himalaya? Current Science 106, 254–66.Google Scholar
Jain, AK and Singh, S (2008) Tectonics of the southern Asian Plate margin along the Karakoram Shear Zone: constraints from field observations and U–Pb SHRIMP ages. Tectonophysics 451, 186–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, AK and Singh, S (eds) (2009) Geology and Tectonics of the Southeastern Ladakh and Karakoram. Bangalore: Geological Society of India, Publication no. 9.Google Scholar
Janoušek, V, Farrow, CM and Erban, V (2006) Interpretation of whole-rock geochemical data in igneous geochemistry: introducing Geochemical Data Toolkit (GCDkit). Journal of Petrology 47, 1255–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelemen, PB, Shimizu, N and Dunn, T (1993) Relative depletion of niobium in some arc magmas and the continental crust: partitioning of K, Nb, La and Ce during melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120, 111–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keppler, H (1996) Constraints from partitioning experiments on the composition of subduction-zone fluids. Nature 380, 237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, T, Asif Khan, M, Qasim Jan, M and Naseem, M (1996) Back-arc basin assemblages in Kohistan, Northern Pakistan. Geodinamica Acta 9, 30–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klemperer, SL, Kennedy, BM, Sastry, SR, Makovsky, Y, Arinarayana, T and Leech, ML (2013) Mantle fluids in the Karakoram fault: helium isotope evidence. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 366, 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klootwijk, CT, Gee, JS, Peirce, JW, Smith, GM and McFadden, PL (1992) An early India-Asia contact: paleomagnetic constraints from Ninetyeast Ridge, ODP Leg 121. Geology 20, 395–8.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krol, MA, Zeitler, PK and Copeland, P (1996) Episodic unroofing of the Kohistan Batholith, Pakistan: implications from K-feldspar thermochronology. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 101, 28149–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S (2014) Magmatic processes: review of some concepts and models. In Modelling of Magmatic and Allied Processes (eds Kumar, S and Singh, RN), pp. 1–22. Society of Earth Scientists Series.Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.Google Scholar
Kumar, S, Bora, S and Sharma, UK (2016) Geological appraisal of Ladakh and Tirit granitoids in the Indus-Shyok Suture Zones of Northwest Himalaya, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 87, 737–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, S, Bora, S, Sharma, UK, Yi, K and Kim, N (2017) Early Cretaceous subvolcanic calc-alkaline granitoid magmatism in the Nubra-Shyok valley of the Shyok Suture Zone, Ladakh Himalaya, India: evidence from geochemistry and U–Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology. Lithos 277, 33–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuritani, T, Kitagawa, H and Nakamura, E (2005) Assimilation and fractional crystallization controlled by transport process of crustal melt: implications from an alkali basalt–dacite suite from Rishiri Volcano, Japan. Journal of Petrology 46, 1421–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacassin, R, Valli, F, Arnaud, N, Leloup, PH, Paquette, JL, Haibing, L, Tapponnier, P, Chevalier, ML, Guillot, S, Maheo, G and Zhiqin, X (2004) Large-scale geometry, offset and kinematic evolution of the Karakorum fault, Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 219, 255–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lallemand, S and Heuret, A (2017) Subduction zones parameters. In Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, pp. 1–15. Amsterdam: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09495-1.Google Scholar
Leloup, PH, Boutonnet, E, Davis, WJ and Hattori, K (2011) Long-lasting intracontinental strike-slip faulting: new evidence from the Karakorum shear zone in the Himalayas. Terra Nova 23, 92–9.Google Scholar
Lesher, CM, Goodwin, AM, Campbell, IH and Gorton, MP (1986) Trace-element geochemistry of ore-associated and Barren, felsic metavolcanic rocks in the Superior Province, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, 222–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maniar, PD and Piccoli, PM (1989) Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 635–43.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manikyamba, C, Saha, A, Santosh, M, Ganguly, S, Singh, MR, Rao, DS and Lingadevaru, M (2014) Neoarchaean felsic volcanic rocks from the Shimoga Greenstone Belt, Dharwar Craton, India: geochemical fingerprints of crustal growth at an active continental margin. Precambrian Research 252, 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middlemost, EA (1994) Naming materials in the magma/igneous rock system. Earth-Science Reviews 37, 215–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, PK, Singhal, S, Adlakha, V, Rai, SK, Dutt, S, Kharya, A and Gupta, AK (2017) In situ U–Pb zircon micro-geochronology of MCT zone rocks in the Lesser Himalaya using LA-MC-ICPMS technique. Current Science 112, 802–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, JB (2006) Igneous rock associations 7. Arc magmatism I: relationship between subduction and magma genesis. Geoscience Canada 33, 145–67.Google Scholar
Murphy, MA, Yin, A, Kapp, P, Harrison, TM, Lin, D and Jinghui, G (2000) Southward propagation of the Karakoram fault system, southwest Tibet: timing and magnitude of slip. Geology 28, 451–4.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Najman, Y, Appel, E, Boudagher-Fadel, M, Bown, P, Carter, A, Garzanti, E, Godin, L, Han, J, Liebke, U, Oliver, G and Parrish, R (2010) Timing of India-Asia collision: geological, biostratigraphic, and palaeomagnetic constraints. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 115. doi: 10.1029/2010JB007673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolae, I and Saccani, E (2003) Petrology and geochemistry of the Late Jurassic calc-alkaline series associated to Middle Jurassic ophiolites in the South Apuseni Mountains (Romania). Swiss Bulletin of Mineralogy and Petrology 83, 81–96.Google Scholar
Parrish, RR and Tirrul, R (1989) U–Pb age of the Baltoro granite, Northwest Himalaya, and implications for monazite U–Pb systematics. Geology 17, 1076–9.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paton, C, Hellstrom, J, Paul, B, Woodhead, J and Hergt, J (2011) Iolite: freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 26, 2508–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peacock, MA (1931) Classification of igneous rock series. Journal of Geology 39, 54–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, J (1996) Sources and settings of granitic rocks. Episodes 19, 120–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA, Harris, NB and Tindle, AG (1984) Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 25, 956–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peccerillo, A and Taylor, SR (1976) Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu Area, northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 58, 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petterson, MG and Windley, BF (1985) RbSr dating of the Kohistan arc-batholith in the Trans-Himalaya of north Pakistan, and tectonic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 74, 45–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petterson, MG and Windley, BF (1992) Field Relations, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Cretaceous basaltic Jutal Dykes, Kohistan, northern Pakistan. Journal of the Geological Society, London 149, 107–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, RJ (2008) Geological map of the Karakoram fault Zone, eastern Karakoram, Ladakh, NW Himalaya. Journal of Maps 4, 21–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, RJ, Parrish, RR and Searle, MP (2004) Age constraints on ductile deformation and long-term slip rates along the Karakoram fault Zone, Ladakh. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 226, 305–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, RJ and Searle, MP (2007) Macrostructural and microstructural architecture of the Karakoram fault: relationship between magmatism and strike-slip faulting. Tectonics 26. doi: 10.1029/2006TC001946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, RJ, Searle, MP and Parrish, RR (2013) The geochemical and temporal evolution of the continental lithosphere and its relationship to continental-scale faulting: the Karakoram Fault, eastern Karakoram, NW Himalayas. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, 583–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pudsey, CJ, Coward, MP, Luff, IW, Shackleton, RM, Windley, BF and Jan, MQ (1985) Collision zone between the Kohistan arc and the Asian plate in NW Pakistan. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 76, 463–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rai, H (1995) Geology of eastern Karakoram, Ladakh District, India. Nepal Geological Society Journal 10, 11–20.Google Scholar
Rao, DR and Rai, H (2009) Geochemical studies of granitoids from Shyok tectonic zone of Khardung-Panamik Section, Ladakh, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 73, 553–66.Google Scholar
Ravikant, V (2006) Utility of Rb–Sr geochronology in constraining Miocene and Cretaceous events in the eastern Karakoram, Ladakh, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 27, 534–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravikant, V, Wu, FY and Ji, WQ (2009) Zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic constraints on petrogenesis of the Cretaceous–Tertiary granites in eastern Karakoram and Ladakh, India. Lithos 110, 153–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichardt, H, Weinberg, RF, Andersson, UB and Fanning, CM (2010) Hybridization of granitic magmas in the source: the origin of the Karakoram Batholith, Ladakh, NW India. Lithos 116, 249–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rex, AJ, Searle, MP, Tirrul, R, Crawford, MB, Prior, DJ, Rex, DC and Barnicoat, A (1988) The geochemical and tectonic evolution of the central Karakoram, north Pakistan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 326, 229–55.Google Scholar
Rolland, Y, Mahéo, G, Pecher, A and Villa, IM (2009) Syn-kinematic emplacement of the Pangong metamorphic and magmatic complex along the Karakorum Fault (N Ladakh). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34, 10–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolland, Y and Pêcher, A (2001) The Pangong granulites of the Karakoram fault (western Tibet): vertical extrusion within a lithosphere-scale fault? Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Series IIA: Earth and Planetary Science 332, 363–70.Google Scholar
Rolland, Y, Pêcher, A and Picard, C (2000) Middle Cretaceous back-arc formation and arc evolution along the Asian margin: the Shyok Suture Zone in northern Ladakh (NW Himalaya). Tectonophysics 325, 145–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowley, DB (1996) Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: a review of stratigraphic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 145, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubatto, D and Gebauer, D (2000) Use of cathodoluminescence for U–Pb zircon dating by ion microprobe: some examples from the Western Alps. In Cathodoluminescence in Geosciences (eds Pagel, M, Barbin, V, Blanc, P and Ohnenstetter, D), pp. 373–400. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saini, NK (1998) A new geochemical reference sample of granite (DG-H) from Dalhousie, Himachal Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of India 52, 603–6.Google Scholar
Schaltegger, U, Zeilinger, G, Frank, M and Burg, JP (2002) Multiple mantle sources during island arc magmatism: U–Pb and Hf isotopic evidence from the Kohistan arc Complex, Pakistan. Terra Nova 14, 461–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schärer, U, Copeland, P, Harrison, TM and Searle, MP (1990) Age, cooling history, and origin of post-collisional leucogranites in the Karakoram Batholith; a multi-system isotope study. The Journal of Geology 98, 233–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schärer, U, Xu, RH and Allègre, CJ (1984) UPb geochronology of Gangdese (Transhimalaya) plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze Region, Tibet. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 69, 311–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP (1991) Geology and Tectonics of the Karakoram Mountains. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Incorporated.Google Scholar
Searle, MP (2015) Mountain building, tectonic evolution, rheology, and crustal flow in the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet. In Treatise on Geophysics (ed. Shubert, G), pp. 469–511. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Cooper, DJW, Rex, AJ and Colchen, M (1988) Collision tectonics of the Ladakh-Zanskar Himalaya. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 326, 117–50.Google Scholar
Searle, MP and Hacker, BR (2018) Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Karakoram and Pamir following India–Kohistan–Asia collision. In Himalayan Tectonics: A Modern Synthesis (eds Treloar, PJ and Searle, MP), pp. 555–82. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 483.Google Scholar
Searle, MP, Parrish, RR, Thow, AV, Noble, SR, Phillips, RJ and Waters, DJ (2010) Anatomy, age and evolution of a collisional mountain belt: the Baltoro granite batholith and Karakoram Metamorphic complex, Pakistani Karakoram. Journal of the Geological Society, London 167, 183–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Parrish, RR, Tirrul, R and Rex, DC (1990) Age of crystallization and cooling of the K2 gneiss in the Baltoro Karakoram. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 603–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP and Phillips, RJ (2007) Relationships between right-lateral shear along the Karakoram fault and metamorphism, magmatism, exhumation and uplift: evidence from the K2–Gasherbrum–Pangong ranges, north Pakistan and Ladakh. Journal of the Geological Society, London 164, 439–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Rex, AJ, Tirrul, R, Rex, DC, Barnicoat, A and Windley, BF (1989) Metamorphic, magmatic and tectonic evolution of the Central Karakoram in the Biafo-Hushe regions of northern Pakistan. In Tectonics of the Western Himalayas (eds Malinconico, LL, Jr. and Lillie, RJ), pp. 47–74. Geological Society of America, Special Paper no. 232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Searle, MP, Weinberg, RF and Dunlap, WJ (1998) Transpressional tectonics along the Karakoram fault Zone, northern Ladakh: constraints on Tibetan extrusion. In Continental Transpressional and Transtensional Tectonics (eds Holdsworth, RE, Strachan, RA and Dewey, JF), pp. 307–26. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 135.Google Scholar
Searle, MP, Windley, BF, Coward, MP, Cooper, DJ W, Rex, AJ, Rex, D, Tingdong, L, Xuchang, X, Jan, MQ, Thakur, VC and Kumar, S (1987) The closing of Tethys and the tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin 98, 678–701.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, K, Adlakha, V, Singhal, S and Chaudhury, R (2018) Migmatization and intrusion of “S-type” granites in the trans-Himalayan Ladakh Magmatic Arc of north India and their bearing on Indo-Eurasian collisional tectonics. Geological Journal 53, 1543–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, K, Mukherjee, BK and Collins, AS (2014) Interplay of deformation and magmatism in the Pangong Transpression Zone, Eastern Ladakh, India: implications for remobilization of the trans-Himalayan magmatic arc and initiation of the Karakoram Fault. Journal of Structural Geology 62, 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shand, SJ (1947) The Eruptive Rocks. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 444 pp.Google Scholar
Shvolman, VA (1978) Relicts of the Mesotethys in the Pamirs. Himalayan Geology 8, 369–78.Google Scholar
Singh, S, Kumar, R, Barley, ME and Jain, AK (2007) SHRIMP U–Pb ages and depth of emplacement of Ladakh Batholith, Eastern Ladakh, India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30, 490–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singhal, S, Mukherjee, PK, Saini, NK, Dutt, S and Kumar, R (2019) Effect of carbon on major element analysis of carbonaceous silicate rocks by WD-XRF: an evaluation of error and its correction. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 19, 1–38.Google Scholar
Sisson, TW and Bacon, CR (1999) Gas-driven filter pressing in magmas. Geology 27, 613–16.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sláma, J, Košler, J, Condon, DJ, Crowley, JL, Gerdes, A, Hanchar, JM., Horstwood, MS, Morris, GA, Nasdala, L, Norberg, N and Schaltegger, U (2008) Plešovice zircon—a new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chemical Geology 249, 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spandler, C, Hermann, J, Arculus, R and Mavrogenes, J (2003) Redistribution of trace elements during prograde metamorphism from lawsonite blueschist to eclogite facies; implications for deep subduction-zone processes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 146, 205–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srimal, N, Basu, AR and Kyser, TK (1987) Tectonic inferences from oxygen isotopes in volcano-plutonic complexes of the India-Asia Collision Zone, NW India. Tectonics 6, 261–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streule, MJ, Phillips, RJ, Searle, MP, Waters, DJ and Horstwood, MSA (2009) Evolution and chronology of the Pangong Metamorphic Complex adjacent to the Karakoram fault, Ladakh: constraints from thermobarometry, metamorphic modelling and U–Pb geochronology. Journal of the Geological Society, London 166, 919–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tapponnier, P, Mattauer, M, Proust, F and Cassaigneau, C (1981) Mesozoic ophiolites, sutures, and large-scale tectonic movements in Afghanistan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 52, 355–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, SR and McLennan, SM (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 312 pp.Google Scholar
Thakur, VC, Virdhi, NS, Rai, H and Gupta, KR (1981) A note on the geology of Nubra-Shyok area of Ladakh, Kashmir, Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of India 22, 46–50.Google Scholar
Thanh, NX, Itaya, T, Ahmad, T, Kojima, S, Ohtani, T and Ehiro, M (2010) Mineral chemistry and K–Ar ages of plutons across the Karakoram fault in the Shyok-Nubra confluence of northern Ladakh Himalaya, India. Gondwana Research 17, 180–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, RS (ed.) (1982) Andesites: Orogenic Andesites and Related Rocks. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 724 pp.Google Scholar
Treloar, PJ, Petterson, MG, Jan, MQ and Sullivan, MA (1996) A re-evaluation of the stratigraphy and evolution of the Kohistan arc sequence, Pakistan Himalaya: implications for magmatic and tectonic arc-building processes. Journal of the Geological Society, London 153, 681–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treloar, P, Rex, DC, Coward, M P, Petterson, MG, Windley, BE, Lun, IW and Jan, MQ (1989) WAr and Ar/Ar geochronology of the Himalayas in NW Pakistan: constraints on the timing of the collision, deformation, metamorphism and uplift. Tectonics 8, 881–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upadhyay, R (2008) Implications of U–Pb zircon age of the Tirit granitoids on the closure of the Shyok Suture Zone, northern Ladakh, India. Current Science 94, 1635–40.Google Scholar
Valli, F, Leloup, PH, Paquette, JL, Arnaud, N, Li, H, Tapponnier, P, Lacassin, R, Guillot, S, Liu, D, Deloule, E, Xu, Z and Mahéo, G (2008) New U-Th/Pb constraints on timing of shearing and long-term slip-rate on the Karakorum fault. Tectonics 27. doi: 10.1029/2007TC002184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Buer, NJ, Jagoutz, O, Upadhyay, R and Guillong, M (2015) Mid-crustal detachment beneath western Tibet exhumed where conjugate Karakoram and Longmu–Gozha Co faults intersect. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 413, 144–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vermeesch, P (2018) IsoplotR: a free and open toolbox for geochronology. Geoscience Frontiers 9, 1479–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, K, Gerya, TV and Castro, A (2012) Crustal growth at active continental margins: numerical modeling. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 192, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallis, D, Phillips, RJ and Lloyd, GE (2014) Evolution of the eastern Karakoram Metamorphic Complex, Ladakh, NW India, and its relationship to magmatism and regional tectonics. Tectonophysics 626, 41–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, RF and Dunlap, WJ (2000) Growth and deformation of the Ladakh Batholith, Northwest Himalayas: implications for timing of continental collision and origin of calc-alkaline batholiths. The Journal of Geology 108, 303–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, RF, Dunlap, WJ and Whitehouse, M (2000) New field, structural and geochronological data from the Shyok and Nubra Valleys, northern Ladakh: linking Kohistan to Tibet. In Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis and the Western Himalaya (eds Asif Khan, M, Treloar, PJ, Searle, MP and Qasim Jan, M), pp. 253–75. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 170.Google Scholar
Weinberg, RF, Mark, G and Reichardt, H (2009) Magma ponding in the Karakoram Shear Zone, Ladakh, NW India. Geological Society of America Bulletin 121, 278–85.Google Scholar
Weinberg, RF and Searle, MP (1998) The Pangong Injection complex, Indian Karakoram: a case of pervasive granite flow through hot viscous crust. Journal of the Geological Society, London 155, 883–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, DL and Evans, BW (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist 95, 185–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiedenbeck, MAPC, Alle, P, Corfu, F, Griffin, WL, Meier, M, Oberli, FV, Quadt, AV, Roddick, JC and Spiegel, W (1995) Three natural zircon standards for U–Th–Pb, Lu–Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostandards Newsletter 19, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Windley, BF (1988) Tectonic framework of the Himalaya, Karakoram and Tibet, and problems of their evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 326, 3–16.Google Scholar
Xiao, Y, Niu, Y, Wang, KL, Lee, DC and Iizuka, Y (2016) Geochemical behaviours of chemical elements during subduction-zone metamorphism and geodynamic significance. International Geology Review 58, 1253–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Pundir et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Pundir et al. supplementary material(File)
File 35.8 KB
Supplementary material: File

Pundir et al. supplementary material

Table S2

Download Pundir et al. supplementary material(File)
File 319.5 KB