Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:44:04.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ballooning emplacement and alteration of the Chah-Musa subvolcanic intrusion (NE Iran) inferred from magnetic susceptibility and fabric

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 November 2019

Ali Seifivand  and
Maryam Sheibi Open the ORCID record for Maryam Sheibi [Opens in a new window]
Ali Seifivand
Affiliation:
Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
Maryam Sheibi*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
*
*Author for correspondence: Maryam Sheibi, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The porphyritic diorite Chah-Musa subvolcanic intrusion is located in the Toroud-Chah Shirin magmatic arc in the northern Central Iranian structural zone. The elliptical Chah-Musa body hosts a copper deposit and intrudes an Eocene sequence of volcanic breccia, agglomerate and red tuffaceous sediment. High magnetic susceptibility values are attributed to the presence of magnetite as a magnetic carrier. Changes in bulk magnetic susceptibility correlate with zonation of alteration in the intrusion. Although the degree of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility decreases due to hydrothermal alteration, the field observations confirm that this parameter can be used as a strain marker. Strongly oblate magnetic ellipsoids are found in the eastern half of the intrusion where isolated outcrops of flat-lying tuffaceous host cover dioritic rocks (roof zone). Stations with prolate ellipsoids mostly belong to the centre of the intrusion where the magnetic lineations plunge steeply. They are interpreted as indicating the main feeder zone. The concentric fabric pattern at the periphery of intrusion, the oblate magnetic ellipsoids at the roof, the highest anisotropy degree along the small diameter of the intrusion, and an intense deformation of the host rocks, especially at the western margin, all are evidence that the intrusion was ballooning during the late stages of its emplacement. Ascent and emplacement of the Chah-Musa body is ascribed to the tensional space provided by a dextral shear zone created by the regional left-lateral movement on the bounding Anjilow and Toroud strike-slip faults.

Keywords

anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS)ballooningshear zoneToruod – Chah Shirin (TCS) magmatic arctranspressionChah-MusaIran
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Issue 4 , April 2020 , pp. 621 - 639
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abedini, A (2017) Emplacement mechanism of Kuhe Cheft subvolcanic dome (NW Toroud – South Shahroud) using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility method (AMS). MSc thesis, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Ade-Hall, JM, Palmer, HC and Hubbard, TP (1971) The magnetic and opaque petrological response of basalts to regional hydrothermal alteration. Geophysical Journal International 24, 137–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, EM (1951) The Dynamics of Faulting and Dike Formation with Applications to Britain. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.Google Scholar
Antolín-Tomás, B, Román-Berdiel, T, Casas-Sainz, A, Gil-Peña, I, Oliva, B and Soto, R (2009) Structural and magnetic fabric study of the Marimanha granite (Axial Zone of the Pyrenees). International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geol Rundsch) 98, 427–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arancibia, ON and Clark, AH (1996) Early magnetite-amphibole-plagioclase alteration-mineralization in the Island Copper porphyry copper gold-molybdenum deposit, British Columbia. Economic Geology 91, 402–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archanjo, CJ and Launeau, P (2004) Magma flow inferred from preferred orientations of plagioclase of the Rio Ceará-Mirim dike swarm (NE Brazil) and its AMS significance. In Magnetic Fabric: Methods and Applications (eds Martín-Hernández, F, Lunemburg, CM, Aubourg, C and Jackson, M), pp. 285–98. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 238.Google Scholar
Archanjo, CJ, Launeau, P and Bouchez, JL (1995) Magnetic fabric vs magnetite and biotite shape fabrics of the magnetite-bearing granite pluton of Gamelerias (Northeast Brazil). Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 89, 63–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Astudillo, N, Roperch, P, Townley, B, Arriagada, C and Maksaev, V (2008) Importance of small-block rotations in damage zones along transcurrent faults. Evidence from the Chuquicamata open pit, Northern Chile. Tectonophysics 450, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakhtavar, E (2018) Mineral chemistry and emplacement mechanism of Kuhe Sukhteh subvolcanic intrusion (NW Toroud – South Shahrood) using the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility method (AMS). MSc Thesis, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Bascou, J, Camps, P and Marie Dautria, J (2005) Magnetic versus crystallographic fabrics in a basaltic lava flow. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 145, 119–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beane, RE and Bodnar, RJ (1995) Hydrothermal fluids and hydrothermal alterations in porphyry copper deposits. In Porphyry Copper Deposits of the American Cordillera (eds Pierce, FW and Bohm, JG), pp. 83–93. Tucson: Arizona Geological Society Digest 20.Google Scholar
Borradaile, GJ (1991) Correlation of strain with anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). Pageoph 135, 15–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchez, JL (1997) Granite is never isotropic: an introduction to AMS studies in granitic rocks. In Granite: From Segregation of Melt to Emplacement Fabrics (eds Bouchez, JL, Hutton, DHW and Stephens, WE), pp. 95–112. Dordrecht: Kluver.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchez, JL (2000) Anisotropie de susceptibilité magnétique et fabrique des granites. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris. Série IIa. Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes 330, 1–14.Google Scholar
Brown, M and Solar, GS (1998) Granite ascent and emplacement during contractional deformation in convergent orogens. Journal of Structural Geology 20, 1365–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, VJE, Sparks, RSJ and Wood, BJ (2006) Hornblende dehydration reactions during magma ascent at Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 151, 121–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burchardt, S (2009) Mechanisms of magma emplacement in the upper crust. PhD thesis, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen, Germany. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Clark, DA, French, DH, Lackie, MA and Schmidt, PW (1992) Magnetic petrology: application of integrated rocks magnetic and petrological techniques to geological interpretation of magnetic surveys. Exploration Geophysics 23, 65–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemens, JD, Petford, N and Mawer, CK (1997) Ascent mechanisms of granitic magmas: causes and consequences. In Deformation-Enhanced Fluid Transport in the Earth’s Crust and Mantle (ed. Holness, MB), pp. 144–71. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Corbett, G and Leach, T (1998) Southwest Pacific Rim Gold-Copper Systems: Structure, Alteration, and Mineralization. Littleton, Colorado: Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication no. 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corti, G, Moratti, G and Sani, F (2005) Relations between surface faulting and granite intrusions in analogue models of strike-slip deformation. Journal of Structural Geology 27, 1547–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Saint-Blanquat, M, Habert, G, Horsman, E, Morgan, SS, Tikoff, B, Launeau, P and Gleizes, G (2006) Mechanisms and duration of non-tectonically assisted magma emplacement in the upper crust: the Black Mesa pluton, Henry Mountains, Utah. Tectonophysics 428, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Saint-Blanquat, M, Tikoff, B, Teyssier, C and Vigneresse, JL (1998) Transpressional kinematics and magmatic arcs. In Continental, Transpressional and Transtensional Tectonics (eds Holdsworth, RE, Strachan, RA and Dewey, JF), pp. 327–40. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 135.Google Scholar
Dunlop, D and Özdemir, O (1997) Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2161–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fard, M, Rastad, E and Ghaderi, M (2006) Epithermal gold and base metal mineralization at Gandy deposit, North of Central Iran and the role of rhyolitic intrusions. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran 17, 327–35.Google Scholar
Fink, JH, Malin, M and Anderson, SW (1990) Intrusive and extrusive growth of the Mount St. Helens lava dome. Nature 348, 435–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodazi, M and Emami, MH (2000) Petrology of Mabad Tertiary magmatic rocks (northwest Toroud, Central Iran). In 18th Symposium on Geosciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, pp. 224–9. Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran (in Persian).Google Scholar
Fry, N (1979) Random point distributions and strain measurement in rocks. Tectonophysics 60, 89–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleizes, G, Nédélec, A, Bouchez, JL, Autran, A and Rochette, P (1993) Magnetic susceptibility of the Mont-Louis Andorra ilmenite-type granite (Pyrenees): a new tool for the petrographic characterization and regional mapping of zoned granite plutons. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 98, 4317–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goto, Y and Tsuchiya, N (2004) Morphology and growth style of a Miocene submarine dacite lava dome at Atsumi, northeast Japan. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 134, 255–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guineberteau, B, Bouchez, JL and Vigneresse, JL (1987) The Mortagne granite pluton (France) emplaced by pull-apart along a shear zone: structural and gravimetric arguments and regional implication. Geological Society of America Bulletin 99, 763–70.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holder, MT (1981) Mechanics of emplacement of granite plutons. PhD thesis, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Houshmandzadeh, AR, Alavi, MN and Haghipour, AA (1978) Evolution of Geological Phenomenon in Toroud Area (Precambrian to Recent). Tehran: Geological Survey of Iran, Report H5.Google Scholar
Hrouda, F (1982) Magnetic anisotropy of rocks and its application in geology and geophysics. Geophysical Surveys 5, 37–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutton, DH (1988) Granite emplacement mechanisms and tectonic controls: inferences from deformation studies. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 79, 245–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imamjome, A, Rastad, E, Bouzari, F and Rashidnezhad, N (2009) An introduction to individual disseminated veinlet and vein mineralization system of Cu (Pb–Zn) in the Chah Musa and Ghole Kaftaran mining district, eastern part of the Toroud-Chah Shirin magmatic arc. Geosciences, Scientific Quarterly Journal 18, 112–25.Google Scholar
Jelinek, V (1978) Statistical processing of magnetic susceptibility measured in groups of specimens. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 22, 50–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, SF, Wielens, H, Williamson, MC and Zentilli, M (2007) Impact of magmatism on petroleum systems in the Sverdrup basin, Canadian Arctic islands, Nunavut: a numerical modelling study. Journal of Petroleum Geology 30, 237–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Just, J and Kontny, K (2012) Thermally induced alterations of minerals during measurements of the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility: a case study from the hydrothermally altered Soultz-sous Forêts granite, France. International Journal of Earth Sciences 101, 819–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khademi, M (2008) Calculation and interpretation of some morphotectonic indices around the Toruod Fault, south of Damghan. Geosciences, Scientific Quarterly Journal 19, 47–56.Google Scholar
Khajehzadeh, MH (2012) Petrology and geochemistry of north of Moalleman igneous plutons. MSc thesis, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. Published thesis, 146 pp. (in Persian).Google Scholar
Khalaj, M (2016) Investigation of copper mineralization of Chah Musa, Derakhshanieh and Qolleh Soukhteh area and their relationship with structural linements based on geochemistry, alteration and fluid inclusion in the south of Damghan. MSc thesis, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. Published thesis, 180 pp. (in Persian).Google Scholar
Lapointe, P, Morris, WA and Harding, KL (1986) Interpretation of magnetic susceptibility: a new approach to geophysical evaluation of the degree of rock alteration. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, 393–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marsh, BD (1982) On the mechanics of igneous diapirism, stoping, and zone melting. American Journal of Science 282, 808–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrabi, B and Ghasemi, MS (2012) Intermediate sulfidation epithermal Pb–Zn–Cu (±Ag–Au) mineralization at Cheshmeh Hafez deposit, Semnan province, Iran. Journal of the Geological Society of India 80, 563–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrabi, B, Ghasemi, SM and Tale, FE (2015) Structural control on epithermal mineralization in the Toroud-Chah Shirin belt using point pattern and Fry analyses, north of Iran. Geotectonics 49, 320–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molyneux, SJ and Hutton, DHW (2000) Evidence for significant granite space creation by the ballooning mechanism: the example of the Ardara pluton, Ireland. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 1543–58.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakamura, N and Nagahama, H (2001) Changes in magnetic and fractal properties of fractured granites near the Nojima Fault, Japan. Island Arc 10, 486–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paterson, SR and Vernon, RH (1995) Bursting the bubble of ballooning plutons: a return to nested diapirs emplaced by multiple processes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107, 1356–80.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paterson, SR, Vernon, RH and Tobisch, OT (1989) A review of criteria for the identification of magmatic and tectonic foliations in granitoids. Journal of Structural Geology 11, 349–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petford, N (1996) Dikes and diapirs? Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87, 105–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purucker, E and Clark, DA (2011) Mapping and interpretation of the lithospheric magnetic field. In Geomagnetic Observations and Models (eds Mandea, M and Korte, M), pp. 311–37. Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsay, JG (1989) Emplacement kinematics of the granite diapir: the Chindamora batholith, Zimbabwe. Journal of Structural Geology 11, 191–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rashidnejad-Omran, N (1992) The Au (Cu) Baghu mineralization: petrological and magmatic evolution relationship. MSc thesis, University of Kharazmi, Kharazmi, Iran. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Reed, M (1997) Hydrothermal alteration and its relationship to ore fluid composition. In Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits (ed. Barnes, HL), pp. 303–365. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Riveros, K, Veloso, E, Campos, E, Menzies, A and Véliz, W (2014) Magnetic properties related to hydrothermal alteration processes at the Escondida porphyry copper deposit, northern Chile. Mineral Deposita 49, 693–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rochette, P, Jackson, M and Aubourg, C (1992) Rock magnetism and the interpretation of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Reviews of Geophysics 30, 209–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutherford, MJ and Devine, JD (2003) Magmatic conditions and magma ascent as indicated by hornblende phase equilibria and reactions in the 1995–2002 Soufriere Hills magma. Journal of Petrology 44, 1433–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schöpa, A, Floess, D, De Saint-Blanquat, M, Annen, C and Launeau, P (2015) The relation between magnetite and silicate fabric in granitoids of the Adamello Batholith. Tectonophysics 642, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, K, Majumder, S and Mamtani, MA (2005) Degree of magnetic anisotropy as a strain intensity gauge in ferromagnetic granites. Journal of the Geological Society of London 162, 583–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sengör, AMC, Cin, A, Rowley, DB and Nie, SY (1993) Space time patterns of magmatism along the Tethys: a preliminary study. Journal of Geology 101, 51–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sexton, MA, Morrison, GW, Orr, TOH, Foley, AM and Wormald, PJ (1995) The Mt Leyshon magnetic anomaly. Exploration Geophysics 26, 84–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shamanian, GH, Hedenquist, JW, Hattori, KH and Hassanzadeh, J (2004) The Gandy and Abolhassani epithermal prospects in the Alborz Magmatic Arc, Semnan Province, Northern Iran. Economic Geology 99, 691–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheibi, M, Bouchez, JL, Esmaeily, D and Siqueira, R (2012) The Shir-Kuh pluton (Central Iran): magnetic fabric evidences for the coalescence of magma batches during emplacement. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 46, 39–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheibi, M, Mirnejad, H and Pooralizadeh Moghaddam, M (2016) Magnetic susceptibility anisotropy as a predictive exploration tool of metasomatic iron oxide deposits: example from the Panj-Kuh iron ore body, NE Iran. Ore Geology Reviews 72, 612–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillitoe, RH (2010) Porphyry copper systems. Economic Geology 105, 3–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stimac, JA, Pearce, TH, Donnelly-Nolan, JM and Hearn, BC (1990) Origin and implications of undercooled andesitic inclusions in rhyolites, Clear Lake Volcanics, Califomia. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 17729–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svensen, H, Planke, S and Corfu, F (2008) Sill emplacement and contact metamorphism in the Vøring Basin during formation of the North Atlantic Volcanic Province and the implications for the PETM climate change. International Geological Congress, 6–14 August 2008, Oslo, NorwayI, Abstract EUR08204.Google Scholar
Sylvester, AG, Oertel, G, Nelson, CA and Christie, JM (1978) Papoose Flat pluton: a granitic blister in the Inyo Mountain, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 89, 1205–19.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tadayon, M, Rossetti, F, Zattin, M, Calzolari, G, Nozaem, R, Salvini, F, Faccenna, C and Khodabakhshi, P (2018) The long-term evolution of the Doruneh Fault region (Central Iran): a key to understanding the spatio-temporal tectonic evolution in the hinterland of the Zagros convergence zone. Geological Journal 54, 1–26.Google Scholar
Tadayon, M, Rossetti, F, Zattin, M, Nozaem, R, Calzolari, G, Madanipour, S and Salvini, F (2017) The post-Eocene evolution of the Doruneh Fault region (Central Iran): the intraplate response to the re-organisation of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. Tectonics 36, 3038–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tajeddin, H (1999) Geology, mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of Darestan gold occurrences, south of Damghan. MSc thesis, University of Tarbiat Modares, Tehran, Iran. Published thesis.Google Scholar
Tapia, J, Townley, B, Córdova, L, Poblete, F and Arriagada, C (2016) Hydrothermal alteration and its effects on the magnetic properties of Los Pelambres, a large multistage porphyry copper deposit. Journal of Applied Geophysics 132, 125–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarling, DH and Hrouda, F (1993) The Magnetic Anisotropy of Rocks. London: Chapman & Hall, 217 pp.Google Scholar
Tikoff, B and Greene, D (1997) Stretching lineations in transpressional shear zones. Journal of Structural Geology 19, 29–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townley, B, Roperch, P, Oliveros, V, Tassara, A and Arriagada, C 2007. Hydrothermal alteration and magnetic properties of rocks in the Carolina de Michilla stratabound copper district, northern Chile. Mineralium Deposita 42, 771–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsuchiyama, A (1985) Dissolution kinetics of plagioclase in the melt of the system diopside-albite-anorthite, and the origin of dusty plagioclase in andesites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 89, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tudryn, A and Tucholka, P (2004) Magnetic monitoring of thermal alteration for natural pyrite and greigite. Acta Geophysica Polonica 52, 509–20.Google Scholar
Vernon, RH (2000) Review of microstructural evidence of magmatic and solid-state flow. Electronic Geosciences 5(2), 1–23.Google Scholar
Vigneresse, JL (1995) Control of granite emplacement by regional deformation. Tectonophysics 249, 173–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, S, Wu, G, Wu, J and Chen, B (2003) Hydrothermal alteration of magnetic fabrics of rocks in the Xiaoban goldbearing shear belt, Fujian Province, China. Geofísica Internacional 42, 83–94.Google Scholar
Yousefi, F, Sadeghian, M, Wanhainen, C, Ghasemi, H and Frei, D (2017) Geochemistry, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of middle Eocene hypabyssal rocks of the Toruod–Ahmad Abad magmatic belt: an implication for evolution of the northern branch of Neo-Tethys Ocean in Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 178, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar