V.—The Wexford Gravels and their bearing on Interglacial Geology

Grenville A. J. Cole; T. Hallissy

doi:10.1017/S0016756800153324

V.—The Wexford Gravels and their bearing on Interglacial Geology

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 May 2009

Grenville A. J. Cole and

T. Hallissy

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Grenville A. J. Cole: Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Ireland.
T. Hallissy: Affiliation:
Geological Survey of Ireland.

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The shell-bearing gravels of the county of Wexford have become so well known on account of their fossil contents that the boulder-clays associated with them have received scanty recognition. Very diverse statements have been made in regard to thè position of the gravels in the succession of superficial deposits, and they have, frequently been confused with the 'marl' which was extolled by early writers upon agriculture. Nearly all the references to the manurial value of such materials in Co. Wexford refer to this marl, that is, to a shelly and calcareous boulder-clay. The gravels, however, have been commonly styled 'manure gravels' by geologists, and R. J. Griffith, as far back as 1836, distinctly states that the shells are sometimes so very numerous “that the gravel is raised for manure”.

Type: Original Articles
Information: Geological Magazine , Volume 1 , Issue 11 , November 1914 , pp. 498 - 509

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800153324 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1914

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^{page 498 note 1} Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. i, p. 151.

^{page 498 note 2} Edition by Thomas Molineux, Dublin, 1755, p. 57.

^{page 498 note 3} Dublin, 1807, pp. 53–5, 76–8, 81, 85.

^{page 498 note 4} “On the Geological Map of Ireland”: Rep. Brit. Assoc. Dublin, 1835, Transactions, p.58.

^{page 499 note 1} Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. i, p. 151, 1837. The address was given on February 10, 1836.

^{page 499 note 2} “On the more Recent Geological Deposits in Ireland”: Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. iii, pp. 62, 66.

^{page 499 note 3} “Note on the Tertiary Deposits of the Co. Wexford”: ibid., pp. 195–6.

^{page 499 note 4} Distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, and Geological Changes, etc.” (Mem. Geol. Surv. Great Britain), vol. i, p. 336, 1846.

^{page 499 note 5} “On the Middle Pleistocene Deposits”: Geol. Mag., 1869, p. 542.

^{page 499 note 6} “Observations on the general relations of the Drift Deposits of Ireland to those of Great Britain”: Geol. Mag., 1871, p. 294. Also Physical Geology of Ireland, 1878, p. 84; ibid., ed. 1891, p. 112.

^{page 500 note 1} “Observations on the general relations of the Drift Deposits of Ireland to those of Great Britain”: Geol. Mag., 1871, p. 299.

^{page 500 note 2} “Middle Gravels (?), Ireland”: Geol. Mag., 1872, p. 267.

^{page 500 note 3} “On Changes of Climate during the Glacial Epoch”: Geol. Mag., 1872, p. 105.

^{page 500 note 4} “Glacialoid or re-arranged Glacial Drift”: Geol. Mag., 1874, p. 111. On p. 113 Kinahan states that his glacialoid drift occurs above and also interstratified with the Wexford gravels. On p. 172 he allows that local ice may have formed a true drift over gravels in limited areas of Ireland; but he opposes the idea of two separate glaciations.

^{page 500 note 5} “Irish Drift. Sub-groups—Aqueous and Glacial Drifts”: Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland, vol. iv, p. 217.

^{page 500 note 6} Geol. Surv. Ireland, Mem. to Sheets 169, 170, 180, 181, 1879, pp. 12–14, 28–51.

^{page 500 note 7} Mem. to Sheets 158 and 159, p. 34.

^{page 501 note 1} Mem. to Sheets 169, etc., 1879, p. 12.

^{page 501 note 2} “Note on the Classification of the Boulder-clays and their associated Gravels”: Journ. Roy. Geol. Soc. Ireland, vol. vi, p. 270.

^{page 501 note 3} “On the Pliocene Beds of St. Erth”: Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii, p. 208.

^{page 501 note 4} Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., ser. III, vol. ii, 1892, p. 621.

^{page 501 note 5} Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1887, p. 210.

^{page 501 note 6} Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1888, p. 133.

^{page 501 note 7} Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1890, p. 410.

^{page 501 note 8} “Note on the Correlation of the Later and Post-Pliocene Tertiaries on either side of the Irish Sea”: Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., ser. III, vol. ii, p. 620.

^{page 502 note 1} “On the Superficial Deposits of the County of Wexford”: Irish Naturalist, 1912, p. 175.

^{page 502 note 2} Griffith, R., “Address”:Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. i, p. 151, 1837.Google Scholar

^{page 503 note 1} See James, , Journ. Geol. Soc. Dublin, vol. iii, p. 196, 1846.Google Scholar

^{page 503 note 2} Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1888, p. 134.

^{page 504 note 1} Wright, W. B. & Muff, H. B. (now Maufe), “The pre-Glacial Raised Beach of the South Coast of Ireland”: Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., vol. x, 1904, p. 300.Google Scholar

^{page 504 note 2} Irish Naturalist, 1895, p. 321.

^{page 504 note 3} Mem. to Sheets 169, etc., 1879, p. 47.

^{page 504 note 4} Mem. to Sheets 169, etc., p. 43.

^{page 505 note 1} Phys. Geol. Ireland, 1878, p. 84.

^{page 505 note 2} Mem. to Sheets 169, etc., 1879, p. 13.

^{page 505 note 3} Cole, G. A. J. & Crook, T., “Rock-specimens dredged from the Floor of the Atlantic” (Mem. Geol. Surv. Ireland), 1910. A. Jukes-Browne, Building of the British Isles, 1911, fig. 53.Google Scholar

^{page 505 note 4} Sollas, W. J. & Praeger, R. Ll., “Notes on Glacial Deposits in Ireland. II. Kill o'the Grange”: Irish Naturalist, 1895, p. 321.Google Scholar

^{page 505 note 5} Dewey, H., Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxv, p. 173, 1914.Google Scholar

^{page 505 note 6} Cole, G. A. J., “The Problem of the Liffey Valley”: Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. xxx, sect. B, p. 11, 1912.Google Scholar

^{page 506 note 1} “On the Middle Pleistocene Deposits”: Geol. Mag., 1869, p. 542.

^{page 506 note 2} Op. cit., Geol. Mag., 1871, p. 294.

^{page 506 note 3} Mem. to Sheet 112, 2nd ed., 1903, p. 45.

^{page 506 note 4} Op. cit., Irish Naturalist, 1895, p. 321.

^{page 506 note 5} Mem. to Sheet 112, 2nd ed., 1903, p. 108.

^{page 506 note 6} Hull's view that this is a true boulder-clay (letter in Geol. Mag., 1872, p. 335) has been supported by all recent writers.

^{page 507 note 1} “Middle Gravels (?), Ireland”: Geol. Mag., 1872, p. 265.

^{page 507 note 2} Mem. to Sheet 112, 1903, pp. 40, 104.

^{page 507 note 3} Boswell, P. G. H., “On the occurrence of the North Sea Drift”: Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxv, p. 150, 1914.Google Scholar

^{page 507 note 4} “Mémoire sur les sédiments sous-marins”: Crosière océanographique de la Belgica dans la Mer du GrÖnland (Bruxelles, 1907), p. 6. Also Report on the Danish Oceanographical Expeditions 1908–10 to the Mediterranean, p. 259.

^{page 507 note 5} “Bericht Über die Grundproben”: Zeitsch. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, 1912, No. 2.

^{page 507 note 6} “Studien über die Bodenzusammensetzung der baltischen Depression”: Wissen. Meeresuntersuchungen, Kiel, Bd. xii, p. 313, 1910.

^{page 508 note 1} “On the Middle Pleistocene Deposits”: Geol. Mag., 1869, p. 549.

^{page 508 note 2} “Notes on Glacial Deposits in Ireland. I. The Bray River”: Irish Naturalist, 1894, p. 198.

^{page 508 note 3} Mem. to Sheet 112, 1903, p. 45.

^{page 508 note 4} Cf. Cole, G. A. J., “Glacial Features in Spitsbergen in relation to Irish Geology”: Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. xxix, sect. B, p. 207, 1911.Google Scholar

^{page 509 note 1} “The Interglacial Problem in the British Islands”: paper printed at the Congrés géol. internat. at Toronto, 1913.

^{page 509 note 2} Discussion on paper by P. G. H. Boswell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxix, p. 581, 1913.

^{page 509 note 3} “On the occurrence of the North Sea Drift”: Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxv, p. 129, 1914.

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V.—The Wexford Gravels and their bearing on Interglacial Geology

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